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+ <title>Certification Practice Statement (CPS)</title>
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+<body>
+
+<h1>CAcert CPS and CP</h1>
+
+<a href="PolicyOnPolicy.html"><img src="cacert-draft.png" alt="CAcert Policy Status" height="31" width="88" style="border-style: none;" /></a><br />
+Creation date: 20060726<br />
+Status: DRAFT p20091108<br />
+<!-- $Id: CertificationPracticeStatement.html,v 1.3 2012-07-27 16:00:29 wytze Exp $ -->
+
+
+<font size="-1">
+
+<ol>
+ <li> <a href="#p1">INTRODUCTION</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#p1.1">1.1. Overview</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p1.2">1.2. Document name and identification</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p1.3">1.3. PKI participants</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p1.4">1.4. Certificate usage</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p1.5">1.5. Policy administration</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p1.6">1.6. Definitions and acronyms</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li> <a href="#p2">PUBLICATION AND REPOSITORY RESPONSIBILITIES</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#p2.1">2.1. Repositories</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p2.2">2.2. Publication of certification information</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p2.3">2.3. Time or frequency of publication</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p2.4">2.4. Access controls on repositories</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li> <a href="#p3">IDENTIFICATION AND AUTHENTICATION (I&A)</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#p3.1">3.1. Naming</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p3.2">3.2. Initial Identity Verification</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p3.3">3.3. I&A for Re-key Requests</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p3.4">3.4. I&A for Revocation Request</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#p4">CERTIFICATE LIFE-CYCLE OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#p4.1">4.1. Certificate Application</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p4.2">4.2. Certificate application processing</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p4.3">4.3. Certificate issuance</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p4.4">4.4. Certificate acceptance</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p4.5">4.5. Key pair and certificate usage</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p4.6">4.6. Certificate renewal</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p4.7">4.7. Certificate re-key</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p4.8">4.8. Certificate modification</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p4.9">4.9. Certificate revocation and suspension</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p4.10">4.10. Certificate status services</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p4.11">4.11. End of subscription</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p4.12">4.12. Key escrow and recovery</a> </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#p5">FACILITY, MANAGEMENT, AND OPERATIONAL CONTROLS</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#p5.1">5.1. Physical controls</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p5.2">5.2. Procedural controls</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p5.3">5.3. Personnel controls</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p5.4">5.4. Audit logging procedures</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p5.5">5.5. Records archival</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p5.6">5.6. Key changeover</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p5.7">5.7. Compromise and disaster recovery</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p5.8">5.8. CA or RA termination</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#p6">TECHNICAL SECURITY CONTROLS</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#p6.1">6.1. Key pair generation and installation</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p6.2">6.2. Private Key Protection and Cryptographic Module Engineering Controls</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p6.3">6.3. Other aspects of key pair management</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p6.4">6.4. Activation data</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p6.5">6.5. Computer security controls</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p6.6">6.6. Life cycle technical controls</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p6.7">6.7. Network security controls</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p6.8">6.8. Time-stamping</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#p7">CERTIFICATE, CRL, AND OCSP PROFILES</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#p7.1">7.1. Certificate profile</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p7.2">7.2. CRL profile</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p7.3">7.3. OCSP profile</a> </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#p8">COMPLIANCE AUDIT AND OTHER ASSESSMENTS</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#p8.1">8.1. Frequency or circumstances of assessment</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p8.2">8.2. Identity/qualifications of assessor</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p8.3">8.3. Assessor's relationship to assessed entity</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p8.4">8.4. Topics covered by assessment</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p8.5">8.5. Actions taken as a result of deficiency</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p8.6">8.6. Communication of results</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#p9">OTHER BUSINESS AND LEGAL MATTERS</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#p9.1">9.1. Fees</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.2">9.2. Financial responsibility</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.3">9.3. Confidentiality of business information</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.4">9.4. Privacy of personal information</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.5">9.5. Intellectual property rights</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.6">9.6. Representations and warranties</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.7">9.7. Disclaimers of warranties</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.8">9.8. Limitations of liability</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.9">9.9. Indemnities</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.10">9.10. Term and termination</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.11">9.11. Individual notices and communications with participants</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.12">9.12. Amendments</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.13">9.13. Dispute resolution provisions</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.14">9.14. Governing law</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.15">9.15. Compliance with applicable law</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#p9.16">9.16. Miscellaneous provisions</a> </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+</font>
+
+
+
+<!-- *************************************************************** -->
+<h2><a name="p1" id="p1">1. INTRODUCTION</a></h2>
+
+<h3><a name="p1.1" id="p1.1">1.1. Overview</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+This document is the Certification Practice Statement (CPS) of
+CAcert, the Community Certification Authority (CA).
+It describes rules and procedures used by CAcert for
+operating its CA,
+and applies to all CAcert PKI Participants,
+including Assurers, Members, and CAcert itself.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p1.2" id="p1.2">1.2. Document name and identification</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+This document is the Certification Practice Statement (CPS) of CAcert.
+The CPS also fulfills the role of the Certificate Policy (CP)
+for each class of certificate.
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>
+ This document is COD6 under CAcert Official Documents numbering scheme.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ The document is structured according to
+ Chokhani, et al,
+ <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3647.txt">RFC3647</a>,
+ <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3647#section-4">chapter 4</a>.
+ All headings derive from that Chapter.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ It has been improved and reviewed (or will be reviewed)
+ to meet or exceed the criteria of the
+ <cite>Certificate Authority Review Checklist</cite>
+ from <i>David E. Ross</i> ("DRC")
+ and Mozilla Foundation's CA policy.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ OID assigned to this document: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18506.4.4.x (x=approved Version)
+ (<a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/enterprise-numbers">iana.org</a>)
+ <p class="q"> .x will change to .1 in the first approved instance.</p>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ © CAcert Inc. 2006-2009.
+ <!-- note that CCS policies must be controlled by CAcert Inc. -->
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Issued under the CAcert document licence policy,
+ as and when made policy.
+ See <a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/PolicyDrafts/DocumentLicence">
+ PolicyDrafts/DocumentLicence</a>.
+ <ul class="q">
+ <li> The cited page discusses 2 options: CCau Attribute-Share-alike and GNU Free Document License. Refer to that. </li>
+ <li> Note that the noun Licence in Australian English has two Cs. The verb License is spelt the same way as American English. </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Earlier notes were written by Christian Barmala
+ in a document placed under GNU Free Document License
+ and under FSF copyright.
+ However this clashed with the control provisions of
+ Configuration-Control Specification
+ (COD2) within Audit criteria.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <span class="q">In this document:</span>
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ <span class="q">green text</span>
+ refers to questions that seek answers,
+ </li><li>
+ <span class="error">red text</span>
+ refers to probably audit fails or serious errors.
+ </li><li>
+ <span class="change">blue text</span>
+ refers to changes written after the document got seriously reviewed.
+ </ul>
+ <span class="q">
+ None is to be considered part of the policy,
+ and they should disappear in the DRAFT
+ and must disappear in the POLICY.
+ </span>
+ </li>
+<!--
+ <li>
+ Some content is incorporated under
+<!-- <a href="http://xkcd.com/license.html">Creative Commons license</a> -->
+<!-- from <a href="http://xkcd.com/">xkcd.com</a>. -->
+<!-- 198 177 515
+ </li>
+-->
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The CPS is an authoritive document,
+and rules other documents
+except where explicitly deferred to.
+See also <a href="#p1.5.1">1.5.1 Organisation Administering the Document</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p1.3" id="p1.3">1.3. PKI participants</a></h3>
+<p>
+The CA is legally operated by CAcert Incorporated,
+an Association registered in 2002 in
+New South Wales, Australia,
+on behalf of the wider Community of Members of CAcert.
+The Association details are at the
+<a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/CAcertIncorporated">CAcert wiki</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+CAcert is a Community formed of Members who agree to the
+<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html">
+CAcert Community Agreement</a>.
+The CA is technically operated by the Community,
+under the direction of the Board of CAcert Incorporated.
+(The Members of the Community are not to be confused
+with the <i>Association Members</i>, which latter are
+not referred to anywhere in this CPS.)
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p1.3.1" id="p1.3.1">1.3.1. Certification authorities</a></h4>
+<p>
+CAcert does not issue certificates to external
+intermediate CAs under the present CPS.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p1.3.2" id="p1.3.2">1.3.2. Registration authorities</a></h4>
+<p>
+Registration Authorities (RAs) are controlled under Assurance Policy
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/AssurancePolicy.html">COD13</a>).
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p1.3.3" id="p1.3.3">1.3.3. Subscribers</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+CAcert issues certificates to Members only.
+Such Members then become Subscribers.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="p1.3.4" id="p1.3.4">1.3.4. Relying parties</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+A relying party is a Member,
+having agreed to the
+CAcert Community Agreement
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html">COD9</a>),
+who, in the act of using a CAcert certificate,
+makes a decision on the basis of that certificate.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p1.3.5" id="p1.3.5">1.3.5. Other participants</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+<b>Member.</b>
+Membership of the Community is as defined in the
+<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html">COD9</a>.
+Only Members may RELY or may become Subscribers.
+Membership is free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Arbitrator.</b>
+A senior and experienced Member of the CAcert Community
+who resolves disputes between Members, including ones
+of certificate reliance, under
+Dispute Resolution Policy
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/DisputeResolutionPolicy.html">COD7</a>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Vendor.</b>
+Software suppliers who integrate the root certificates of CAcert
+into their software also assume a proxy role of Relying Parties,
+and are subject to another licence.
+<span class="q">
+At the time of writing, the
+"3rd Party Vendor - Disclaimer and Licence"
+is being worked upon, but is neither approved nor offered.
+</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Non-Related Persons</b> (NRPs).
+These are users of browsers and similar software who are
+unaware of the CAcert certificates they may use, and
+are unaware of the ramifications of usage.
+Their relationship with CAcert
+is described by the
+Non-related Persons - Disclaimer and Licence
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/NRPDisclaimerAndLicence.html">COD4</a>).
+No other rights nor relationship is implied or offered.
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="p1.4" id="p1.4">1.4. Certificate usage</a></h3>
+
+<p>CAcert serves as issuer of certificates for
+individuals, businesses, governments, charities,
+associations, churches, schools,
+non-governmental organisations or other groups.
+CAcert certificates are intended for low-cost
+community applications especially where volunteers can
+become Assurers and help CAcert to help the Community.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Types of certificates and their appropriate and
+corresponding applications are defined in
+<a href="#p1.4.1">§1.4.1</a>.
+Prohibited applications are defined in <a href="#p1.4.2">§1.4.2</a>.
+Specialist uses may be agreed by contract or within
+a specific environment, as described in
+<a href="#p1.4.4">§1.4.4</a>.
+Note also the
+unreliable applications in
+<a href="#p1.4.3">§1.4.3</a>
+and risks, liabilities and obligations in
+<a href="#p9">§9</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+<center>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
+ <tr>
+ <td colspan="2"><center><i>Type</i></center></td>
+ <td colspan="2"><center><i>Appropriate Certificate uses</i></center></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <th>General</th>
+ <th>Protocol</th>
+ <th><center>Description</center></th>
+ <th><center>Comments</center></th>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td rowspan="2"><center>Server</center></td>
+ <td> TLS </td>
+ <td> web server encryption </td>
+ <td> enables encryption </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td> embedded </td>
+ <td> embedded server authentication </td>
+ <td> mail servers, IM-servers </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td rowspan="4"><center>Client</center></td>
+ <td> S/MIME </td>
+ <td> email encryption </td>
+ <td> "digital signatures" employed in S/MIME
+ are not legal / human signatures,
+ but instead enable the encryption mode of S/MIME </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td> TLS </td>
+ <td> client authentication </td>
+ <td> the nodes must be secure </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td> TLS </td>
+ <td> web based signature applications </td>
+ <td> the certificate authenticates only. See <a href="#p1.4.3">§1.4.3</a>. </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td> "Digital Signing" </td>
+ <td> for human signing over documents </td>
+ <td> Only within a wider application and rules
+ such as by separate policy,
+ as agreed by contract, etc.
+ See <a href="#p1.4.4">§1.4.4</a>.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><center>Code</center></td>
+ <td> Authenticode, ElfSign, Java </td>
+ <td> Code Signing </td>
+ <td> Signatures on packages are evidence of their Membership and indicative of Identity </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><center>PGP</center></td>
+ <td> OpenPGP </td>
+ <td> Key Signing </td>
+ <td> Signatures on Member Keys are evidence of their Membership and indicative of Identity </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><center>Special</center></td>
+ <td> X.509 </td>
+ <td> OCSP, Timestamping </td>
+ <td> Only available to CAcert Systems Administrators, as controlled by Security Policy </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="figure">Table 1.4. Types of Certificate</span>
+</center>
+
+<h4><a name="p1.4.1" id="p1.4.1">1.4.1. Appropriate certificate uses</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+General uses.
+</p>
+
+<ul><li>
+ CAcert server certificates can be used to enable encryption
+ protection in web servers.
+ Suitable applications include webmail and chat forums.
+ </li><li>
+ CAcert server certificates can be used to enable encryption
+ in SSL/TLS links in embedded protocols such as mail servers
+ and IM-servers.
+ </li><li>
+ CAcert client certificates can be used to enable encryption
+ protection in email clients.
+ (See <a href="#p1.4.3">§1.4.3</a> for caveat on signatures.)
+ </li><li>
+ CAcert client certificates can be used to replace password-based
+ authentication to web servers.
+ </li><li>
+ OpenPGP keys with CAcert signatures can be used
+ to encrypt and sign files and emails,
+ using software compatible with OpenPGP.
+ </li><li>
+ CAcert client certificates can be used in web-based
+ authentication applications.
+ </li><li>
+ CAcert code signing certificates can be used to sign code
+ for distribution to other people.
+ </li><li>
+ Time stamping can be used to attach a time record
+ to a digital document.
+</li></ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="p1.4.2" id="p1.4.2">1.4.2. Prohibited certificate uses</a></h4>
+<p>
+CAcert certificates are not designed, intended, or authorised for
+the following applications:
+</p>
+<ul><li>
+ Use or resale as control equipment in hazardous circumstances
+ or for uses requiring fail-safe performance such as the operation
+ of nuclear facilities, aircraft navigation or communication systems,
+ air traffic control systems, or weapons control systems,
+ where failure could lead directly to death, personal injury,
+ or severe environmental damage.
+</li></ul>
+
+<h4><a name="p1.4.3" id="p1.4.3">1.4.3. Unreliable Applications</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+CAcert certificates are not designed nor intended for use in
+the following applications, and may not be reliable enough
+for these applications:
+</p>
+
+<ul><li>
+ <b>Signing within Protocols.</b>
+ Digital signatures made by CAcert certificates carry
+ <u>NO default legal or human meaning</u>.
+ See <a href="#p9.15.1">§9.15.1</a>.
+ Especially, protocols such as S/MIME commonly will automatically
+ apply digital signatures as part of their protocol needs.
+ The purpose of the cryptographic signature in S/MIME
+ and similar protocols is limited by default to strictly
+ protocol security purposes:
+ to provide some confirmation that a familiar certificate
+ is in use, to enable encryption, and to ensure the integrity
+ of the email in transit.
+</li><li>
+ <b>Non-repudiation applications.</b>
+ Non-repudiation is not to be implied from use of
+ CAcert certificates. Rather, certificates may
+ provide support or evidence of actions, but that
+ evidence is testable in any dispute.
+</li><li>
+ <b>Ecommerce applications.</b>
+ Financial transactions or payments or valuable e-commerce.
+</li><li>
+ Use of anonymous (Class 1 or Member SubRoot) certificates
+ in any application that requires or expects identity.
+</li></ul>
+
+<!-- <center><a href="http://xkcd.com/341/"> <img src="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/1337_part_1.png"> </a> </center> -->
+
+<h4><a name="p1.4.4" id="p1.4.4">1.4.4. Limited certificate uses</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+By contract or within a specific environment
+(e.g. internal to a company),
+CAcert Members are permitted to use Certificates
+for higher security, customised or experimental applications.
+Any such usage, however, is limited to such entities
+and these entities take on the whole responsible for
+any harm or liability caused by such usage.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ <b>Digital signing applications.</b>
+ CAcert client certificates
+ may be used by Assured Members in
+ applications that provide or support the human signing of documents
+ (known here as "digital signing").
+ This must be part of a wider framework and set of rules.
+ Usage and reliance
+ must be documented either under a separate CAcert digital signing
+ policy or other external regime agreed by the parties.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p1.4.5" id="p1.4.5">1.4.5. Roots and Names</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+<b>Named Certificates.</b>
+Assured Members may be issued certificates
+with their verified names in the certificate. In this role, CAcert
+operates and supports a network of Assurers who verify the
+identity of the Members.
+All Names are verified, either by Assurance or another defined
+method under policy (c.f. Organisations).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Anonymous Certificates.</b>
+Members can be issued certificates that are anonymous,
+which is defined as the certificate with no Name included,
+or a shared name such as "Community Member".
+These may be considered to be somewhere between Named certificates
+and self-signed certificates. They have serial numbers in them
+which is ultimately traceable via dispute to a Member, but
+reliance is undefined.
+In this role, CAcert provides the
+infrastructure, saving the Members from managing a difficult
+and messy process in order to get manufactured certificates.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Psuedonymous Certificates.</b>
+Note that CAcert does not currently issue pseudonymous certificates,
+being those with a name chosen by the Member and not verifiable
+according to documents.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Advanced Certificates.</b>
+Members who are as yet unassured are not permitted to create
+advanced forms such as wildcard or subjectAltName
+certificates.
+</p>
+
+
+<p>
+<b> Roots.</b>
+The <span class="q"> (new) </span> CAcert root layout is as below.
+These roots are pending Audit,
+and will be submitted to vendors via the (Top-level) Root.
+</p>
+<ul><li>
+ <b>(Top-level) Root.</b>
+ Used to sign on-line CAcert SubRoots only.
+ This Root is kept offline.
+ </li><li>
+ <b>Member SubRoot.</b>
+ For Community Members who are new and unassured (some restrictions exist).
+ Reliance is undefined.
+ (Replacement for the Class 1 root, matches "Domain Validation" type.)
+ </li><li>
+ <b>Assured SubRoot.</b>
+ Only available for Assured individual Members,
+ intended to sign certificates with Names.
+ Suitable for Reliance under this and other policies.
+ Approximates the type known as Individual Validation.
+ </li><li>
+ <b>Organisation SubRoot.</b>
+ Only available for Assured Organisation Members.
+ Suitable for Reliance under this and other policies.
+ Approximates the type known as Organisational Validation.
+
+</li></ul>
+
+
+
+<center>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
+ <tr>
+ <td></td>
+ <td colspan="5"><center><i>Level of Assurance</i></center></td>
+ <th> </th>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <th></th>
+ <th colspan="2"><center> Members † </center></th>
+ <th colspan="2"><center> Assured Members</center></th>
+ <th colspan="1"><center> Assurers </center></th>
+ <th colspan="1"><center> </center></th>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><i>Class of Root</i></td>
+ <th>Anon</th>
+ <td>Name</td>
+ <td>Anon</td>
+ <th>Name</th>
+ <td>Name+Anon</td>
+ <td colspan="1"><center><i>Remarks</i></center></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><center>Top level<br><big><b>Root</b></big></center></td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> • </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> • </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> • </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> • </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> • </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> Signs other CAcert SubRoots only. </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><center><big><b>Member</b></big><br>SubRoot</center></td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="red" size="+3"> ✘ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> † For Members meeting basic checks in <a href="#p4.2.2">§4.2.2</a><br>(Reliance is undefined.) </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><center><big><b>Assured</b></big><br>SubRoot</center></td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="red" size="+3"> ✘ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="red" size="+3"> ✘ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> Assured Members only.<br>Fully intended for reliance. </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><center><big><b>Organisation</b></big><br>SubRoot</center></td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="red" size="+3"> ✘ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="red" size="+3"> ✘ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> Assured Organisation Members only.<br>Fully intended for reliance. </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <th>Expiry of Certificates</th>
+ <td colspan="2"><center>6 months</center></td>
+ <td colspan="3"><center>24 months</center></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <th>Types</th>
+ <td colspan="2"><center>client, server</center></td>
+ <td colspan="2"><center>wildcard, subjectAltName</center></td>
+ <td colspan="1"><center>code-signing</center></td>
+ <td> (Inclusive to the left.) </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="figure">Table 1.4.5.b Certificate under Audit Roots</span>
+</center>
+
+
+<p class="q">
+Following information on OLD roots here for
+descriptive and historical purposes only.
+When CPS goes to DRAFT, this needs to be
+converted into a short summary of the way
+OLD roots are used and its relationship to
+this CPS. E.g., "OLD roots are used for
+testing and other purposes outside this CPS."
+Because ... they still exist, and people will
+look at the CPS to figure it out.
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
+ <tr>
+ <td></td>
+ <td colspan="4"><center><i>Level of Assurance</i></center></td>
+ <th> </th>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <th></th>
+ <th colspan="2"><center>Members</center></th>
+ <th colspan="2"><center>Assured Members</center></th>
+ <th colspan="1"><center> </center></th>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><i>Class of Root</i></td>
+ <th>Anonymous</th>
+ <td>Named</td>
+ <td>Anonymous</td>
+ <th>Named</th>
+ <td colspan="1"><center><i>Remarks</i></center></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><center>Class<br><big><b>1</b></big></center></td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="red" size="+3"> ✘ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> Available for all Members,<br>reliance is undefined.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><center>Class<br><big><b>3</b></big></center></td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="red" size="+3"> ✘ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="red" size="+3"> ✘ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> <center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center> </td>
+ <td> Assured Members only.<br> Intended for Reliance. </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <th>Expiry of Certificates</th>
+ <td colspan="2"><center>6 months</center></td>
+ <td colspan="2"><center>24 months</center></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <th>Types available</th>
+ <td colspan="2"><center>simple only</center></td>
+ <td colspan="2"><center>wildcard, subjectAltName</center></td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="figure">Table 1.4.5. Certificates under Old Roots - <b>Audit Fail</b> </span>
+</center>
+
+<p>
+<b> Old Roots.</b>
+The old CAcert root layout is as below. These roots are <b>Audit Fail</b>
+and will only be used where new roots do not serve:
+</p>
+<ul><li>
+ (old) <b>Class 1 root.</b>
+ Used primarily for certificates with no names and by
+ unassured Members.
+ For compatibility only,
+ Assured Members may also use this root.
+ </li><li>
+ (old) <b>Class 3 root.</b>
+ Used primarily for certificates including the names
+ of Assured Members.
+ Signed by Class 1 root.
+ Members can decide to rely on these
+ certificates for Assured Members
+ by selecting the Class 3 root for
+ Assured Members as trust anchor.
+</li></ul>
+
+ <ul class="q">
+ <li> Current Mozilla position has drifted from Class 1,2,3s to DV, IV+OV and EV posture. Except, the actual posture is either unstated or difficult to fathom.</li>
+ <li> scheme for future roots is at <a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/Roots/NewRootsTaskForce">NewRootsTaskForce</a>.</li>
+ <li>END OLD ROOTS </li>
+ </ul>
+
+<h3><a name="p1.5" id="p1.5">1.5. Policy administration</a></h3>
+
+<p>See <a href="#p1.2">1.2 Document Name and Identification</a>
+ for general scope of this document.</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p1.5.1" id="p1.5.1">1.5.1. Organization administering the document</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+This document is administered by the policy group of
+the CAcert Community under Policy on Policy (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/PolicyOnPolicy.html">COD1</a>).
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p1.5.2" id="p1.5.2">1.5.2. Contact person</a></h4>
+<p>
+For questions including about this document:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Join the policy group, by means of the discussion forum at
+ <a href="http://lists.cacert.org/mailman/listinfo">
+ lists.cacert.org</a> . </li>
+ <li>Send email to < support AT cacert DOT org > </li>
+ <li>IRC: irc.cacert.org #CAcert (ssl port 7000, non-ssl port 6667)</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4><a name="p1.5.3" id="p1.5.3">1.5.3. Person determining CPS suitability for the policy</a></h4>
+<p>
+This CPS and all other policy documents are managed by
+the policy group, which is a group of Members of the
+Community found at policy forum. See discussion forums above.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p1.5.4" id="p1.5.4">1.5.4. CPS approval procedures</a></h4>
+<p>
+CPS is controlled and updated according to the
+Policy on Policy
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/PolicyOnPolicy.html">COD1</a>)
+which is part of
+Configuration-Control Specification (COD2).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In brief, the policy forum prepares and discusses.
+After a last call, the document moves to DRAFT status
+for a defined period.
+If no challenges have been received in the defined period,
+it moves to POLICY status.
+The process is modelled after some elements of
+the RFC process by the IETF.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p1.5.5" id="p1.5.5">1.5.5 CPS updates</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+As per above.
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="p1.6" id="p1.6">1.6. Definitions and acronyms</a></h3>
+<p>
+<b><a name="d_cert" id="d_cert">Certificate</a></b>.
+ A certificate is a piece of cryptographic data used
+ to validate certain statements, especially those of
+ identity and membership.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="d_cacert" id="d_cacert">CAcert</a></b>.
+ CAcert is a Community certificate authority as defined under
+ <a href="#p1.2">§1.2 Identification</a>.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="d_member" id="d_member">Member</a></b>.
+ Everyone who agrees to the
+ CAcert Community Agreement
+ (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html">COD9</a>).
+ This generally implies having an account registered
+ at CAcert and making use of CAcert's data, programs or services.
+ A Member may be an individual ("natural person")
+ or an organisation (sometimes, "legal person").
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="d_community" id="d_community">Community</a></b>.
+ The group of Members who agree to the
+ CAcert Community Agreement
+ (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html">COD9</a>)
+ or equivalent agreements.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="d_unassured" id="d_unassured">Unassured Member</a></b>.
+ A Member who has not yet been Assured.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="d_subscriber" id="d_subscriber">Subscriber</a></b>.
+ A Member who requests and receives a certificate.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="d_assured" id="d_assured">Assured Member</a></b>.
+ A Member whose identity has been sufficiently
+ verified by Assurers or other
+ approved methods under Assurance Policy.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="d_assurer" id="d_assurer">Assurer</a></b>.
+ An Assured Member who is authorised under Assurance Policy
+ to verify the identity of other Members.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="d_name" id="d_name">Name</a></b>.
+ As defined in the
+ Assurance Policy
+ (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/AssurancePolicy.html">COD13</a>),
+ to describe a name of a Member
+ that is verified by the Assurance process.
+<p>
+<b><a name="d_oadmin" id="d_oadmin">Organisation Administrator</a></b>.
+ ("O-Admin")
+ An Assurer who is authorised to act for an Organisation.
+ The O-Admin is authorised by an organisation
+ to vouch for the identity of other users of the organisation.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="d_org_ass" id="d_org_ass">Organisation Assurer</a></b>.
+ An Assurer who is authorised to conduct assurances on
+ organisations.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="d_user" id="d_user">Non-Related Persons</a></b>.
+ ("NRPs")
+ are general users of browsers and similar software.
+ The NRPs are generally unaware of
+ CAcert or the certificates that they may use, and
+ are unaware of the ramifications of usage.
+ They are not permitted to RELY, but may USE, under the
+ Non-Related Persons - Disclaimer and Licence (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/NRPDisclaimerAndLicence.html">COD4</a>).
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="rel" id="d_reliance">Reliance</a></b>.
+ An industry term referring to
+ the act of making a decision, including taking a risk,
+ which decision is in part or in whole
+ informed or on the basis of the contents of a certificate.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="rel" id="rel">Relying Party</a></b>.
+ An industry term refering to someone who relies
+ (that is, makes decisions or takes risks)
+ in part or in whole on a certificate.
+</p>
+<p>
+ <b>Subscriber Naming.</b>
+ The term used in this CPS to
+ describe all naming data within a certificate.
+ Approximately similar terms from Industry such as
+ "Subject naming" and "Distinguished Name"
+ are not used here.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="ver" id="d_verification">Verification</a></b>.
+ An industry term referring to
+ the act of checking and controlling
+ the accuracy and utility of a single claim.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="ver" id="d_validation">Validation</a></b>.
+ An industry term referring to the process of
+ inspecting and verifying the information and
+ subsidiary claims behind a claim.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="rel" id="rel">Usage</a></b>.
+ The event of allowing a certificate to participate in
+ a protocol, as decided and facilitated by a user's software.
+ Generally, Usage does not require significant input, if any,
+ on the part of the user.
+ This defers all decisions to the user software,
+ thus elevating the software as user's only and complete
+ Validation Authority or Agent.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="drel" id="drel">CAcert Relying Party</a></b>.
+ CAcert Members who make decisions based in part or in whole
+ on a certificate issued by CAcert.
+ Only CAcert Members are permitted to Rely on CAcert certificates,
+ subject to the CAcert Community Agreement.
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="ddst" id="ddst">Vendors</a></b>.
+ Non-members who distribute CAcert's root or intermediate certificates
+ in any way, including but not limited to delivering these
+ certificates with their products, e.g. browsers, mailers or servers.
+ Vendors are covered under a separate licence.
+ <span class="q"> As of the moment, this licence is not written.</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="d_ccs" id="d_ccs">Configuration-Control Specification</a></b> "CCS".
+ The audit criteria that controls this CPS.
+ The CCS is documented in COD2, itself a controlled document under CCS.
+</p>
+<p>
+<p>
+<b><a name="d_cod" id="d_cod">CAcert Official Document</a></b> (COD).
+ Controlled Documents that are part of the CCS.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<!-- *************************************************************** -->
+<h2><a name="p2" id="p2">2. PUBLICATION AND REPOSITORY RESPONSIBILITIES</a></h2>
+
+
+<h3><a name="p2.1" id="p2.1">2.1. Repositories</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+CAcert operates no repositories in the sense
+of lookup for non-certificate-related information
+for the general public.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Under the Assurance Policy (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/AssurancePolicy.html">COD13</a>),
+there are means for Members to search, retrieve
+and verify certain data about themselves and others.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p2.2" id="p2.2">2.2. Publication of certification information</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+CAcert publishes:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>A repository of CRLs. An OCSP responder is in operation.</li>
+ <li>The root certificate and intermediate certificates.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+CAcert does not expressly publish information on issued certificates.
+However, due to the purpose of certificates, and the essential
+public nature of Names and email addresses, all information within
+certificates is presumed to be public and published, once
+issued and delivered to the Member.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p2.3" id="p2.3">2.3. Time or frequency of publication</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Root and Intermediate Certificates and CRLs are
+made available on issuance.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p2.4" id="p2.4">2.4. Access controls on repositories</a></h3>
+<p> No stipulation. </p>
+
+
+
+<!-- *************************************************************** -->
+<h2><a name="p3" id="p3">3. IDENTIFICATION AND AUTHENTICATION</a></h2>
+
+<h3><a name="p3.1" id="p3.1">3.1. Naming</a></h3>
+
+<h4><a name="p3.1.1" id="p3.1.1">3.1.1. Types of names</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+<b>Client Certificates.</b>
+The Subscriber Naming consists of:
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li><tt>subjectAltName=</tt>
+ One, or more, of the Subscriber's verified email addresses,
+ in rfc822Name format.
+
+ <ul class="q">
+ <li>SSO in subjectAltName?.</li>
+ </ul>
+ <li><tt>EmailAddress=</tt>
+ One, or more, of the Subscriber's verified email addresses.
+ This is deprecated under
+ RFC5280 <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280#section-4.2.1.6">4
+.1.2.6</a>
+ and is to be phased out. Also includes a SHA1 hash of a random number if
+ the member selects SSO (Single Sign On ID) during submission of CSR.
+ </li>
+ <li><tt>CN=</tt> The common name takes its value from one of:
+ <ul><li>
+ For all Members,
+ the string "<tt>CAcert WoT Member</tt>" may be used for
+ anonymous certificates.
+ </li><li>
+ For individual Members,
+ a Name of the Subscriber,
+ as Assured under AP.
+ </li><li>
+ For Organisation Members,
+ an organisation-chosen name,
+ as verified under OAP.
+ </li></ul>
+</ul>
+
+ <ul class="q">
+ <li> <a href="http://bugs.cacert.org/view.php?id=672"> bug 672</a> filed on subjectAltName.</li>
+ <li> O-Admin must verify as per <a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/PolicyDecisions">p20081016</a>. </li>
+ <li> it is a wip for OAP to state how this is done. </li>
+ <li> curiously, (RFC5280) verification is only mandated for subjectAltName not subject field. </li>
+ <li> what Directory String is used in above? UTF8String is specified by RFC52804.1.2.6? is this important for the CPS to state?</li>
+ </ul>
+
+<p>
+<b>Individual Server Certificates.</b>
+The Subscriber Naming consists of:
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li><tt>CN=</tt>
+ The common name is the host name out of a domain
+ for which the Member is a domain master.
+ </li> <li>
+ <tt>subjectAltName=</tt>
+ Additional host names for which the Member
+ is a domain master may be added to permit the
+ certificate to serve multiple domains on one IP number.
+ </li> <li>
+ All other fields are optional and must either match
+ the CN or they must be empty
+</li> </ul>
+
+<p>
+<b>Certificates for Organisations.</b>
+In addition to the above, the following applies:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><tt>OU=</tt>
+ organizationalUnitName (set by O-Admin, must be verified by O-Admin).</li>
+ <li><tt>O=</tt>
+ organizationName is the fixed name of the Organisation.</li>
+ <li><tt>L=</tt>
+ localityName</li>
+ <li><tt>ST=</tt>
+ stateOrProvinceName</li>
+ <li><tt>C=</tt>
+ countryName</li>
+ <li><tt>contact=</tt>
+ EMail Address of Contact.
+ <!-- not included in RFC5280 4.1.2.4 list, but list is not restricted -->
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Except for the OU and CN, fields are taken from the Member's
+account and are as verified by the Organisation Assurance process.
+Other Subscriber information that is collected and/or retained
+does not go into the certificate.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p3.1.2" id="p3.1.2">3.1.2. Need for names to be meaningful</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Each Member's Name (<tt>CN=</tt> field)
+is assured under the Assurance Policy (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/AssurancePolicy.html">COD13</a>)
+or subsidiary policies (such as Organisation Assurance Policy).
+Refer to those documents for meanings and variations.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Anonymous certificates have the same <code>subject</code>
+field common name.
+See <a href="#p1.4.5">§1.4.5.</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Email addresses are verified according to
+<a href="#p4.2.2">§4.2.2.</a>
+</p>
+
+<!-- <center><a href="http://xkcd.com/327/"> <img src="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/exploits_of_a_mom.png"> </a> </center> -->
+
+<h4><a name="p3.1.3" id="p3.1.3">3.1.3. Anonymity or pseudonymity of subscribers</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+See <a href="#p1.4.5">§1.4.5</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p3.1.4" id="p3.1.4">3.1.4. Rules for interpreting various name forms</a></h4>
+<p>
+Interpretation of Names is controlled by the Assurance Policy,
+is administered by means of the Member's account,
+and is subject to change by the Arbitrator.
+Changes to the interpretation by means of Arbitration
+should be expected as fraud (e.g., phishing)
+may move too quickly for policies to fully document rules.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p3.1.5" id="p3.1.5">3.1.5. Uniqueness of names</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Uniqueness of Names within certificates is not guaranteed.
+Each certificate has a unique serial number which maps
+to a unique account, and thus maps to a unique Member.
+See the Assurance Statement within Assurance Policy
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/AssurancePolicy.html">COD13</a>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Domain names and email address
+can only be registered to one Member.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p3.1.6" id="p3.1.6">3.1.6. Recognition, authentication, and role of trademarks</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Organisation Assurance Policy
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/OrganisationAssurancePolicy.html">COD11</a>)
+controls issues such as trademarks where applicable.
+A trademark can be disputed by filing a dispute.
+See
+<a href="#adr">§9.13</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p3.1.7" id="p3.1.7">3.1.7. International Domain Names</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Certificates containing International Domain Names, being those containing a
+ACE prefix (<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3490#section-5">RFC3490
+Section 5</a>), will only be issued to domains satisfying one or more
+of the following conditions:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>The Top Level Domain (TLD) Registrar associated with the domain has a policy
+that has taken measures to prevent two homographic domains being registered to
+different entities down to an accepted level.
+</li>
+<li>Domains contain only code points from a single unicode character script,
+excluding the "Common" script, with the additionally allowed numberic
+characters [0-9], and an ACSII hyphen '-'.
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Email address containing International Domain Names in the domain portion of
+the email address will also be required to satisfy one of the above conditions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The following is a list of accepted TLD Registrars:</p>
+ <table>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>.ac</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic.ac/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic.ac/pdf/AC-IDN-Policy.pdf">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.ar</td>
+
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic.ar/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic.ar/616.html">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.at</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic.at/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic.at/en/service/legal_information/registration_guidelines/">Policy</a> (<a href="http://www.nic.at/en/service/technical_information/idn/charset_converter/">character list</a>)</td>
+
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.biz</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.neustarregistry.biz/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.neustarregistry.biz/products/idns">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+
+ <td>.br</td>
+ <td><a href="http://registro.br/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://registro.br/faq/faq6.html">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.cat</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.domini.cat/">Registry</a></td>
+
+ <td><a href="http://www.domini.cat/normativa/en_normativa_registre.html">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.ch</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.switch.ch/id/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.switch.ch/id/terms/agb.html#anhang1">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>.cl</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic.cl/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic.cl/CL-IDN-policy.html">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.cn</td>
+
+ <td><a href="http://www.cnnic.net.cn/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3743.html">Policy</a> (JET Guidelines)</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.de</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.denic.de/">Registry</a></td>
+
+ <td><a href="http://www.denic.de/en/richtlinien.html">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.dk</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.dk-hostmaster.dk/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.dk-hostmaster.dk/index.php?id=151">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>.es</td>
+ <td><a href="https://www.nic.es/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="https://www.nic.es/media/2008-12/1228818323935.pdf">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.fi</td>
+
+ <td><a href="http://www.ficora.fi/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.ficora.fi/en/index/palvelut/fiverkkotunnukset/aakkostenkaytto.html">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.gr</td>
+ <td><a href="https://grweb.ics.forth.gr/english/index.html">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="https://grweb.ics.forth.gr/english/ENCharacterTable1.jsp">Policy</a></td>
+
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.hu</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.domain.hu/domain/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.domain.hu/domain/English/szabalyzat.html">Policy</a> (section 2.1.2)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>.info</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.afilias.info/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.afilias.info/register/idn/">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.io</td>
+
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic.io">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic.io/IO-IDN-Policy.pdf">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.ir</td>
+ <td><a href="https://www.nic.ir/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="https://www.nic.ir/IDN">Policy</a></td>
+
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.is</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.isnic.is/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.isnic.is/english/domain/rules.php">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+
+ <td>.jp</td>
+ <td><a href="http://jprs.co.jp/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/idn/jp-japanese.html">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.kr</td>
+ <td><a href="http://domain.nic.or.kr/">Registry</a></td>
+
+ <td><a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3743.html">Policy</a> (JET Guidelines)</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.li</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.switch.ch/id/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.switch.ch/id/terms/agb.html#anhang1">Policy</a> (managed by .ch registry)</td>
+
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.lt</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.domreg.lt/public?pg=&sp=&loc=en">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.domreg.lt/public?pg=8A7FB6&sp=idn&loc=en">Policy</a> (<a href="http://www.domreg.lt/static/doc/public/idn_symbols-en.pdf">character list</a>)</td>
+
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.museum</td>
+ <td><a href="http://about.museum/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://about.museum/idn/idnpolicy.html">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+
+ <td>.no</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.norid.no/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.norid.no/domeneregistrering/veiviser.en.html">Policy</a> (section 4)</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.org</td>
+
+ <td><a href="http://www.pir.org/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://pir.org/PDFs/ORG-Extended-Characters-22-Jan-07.pdf">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.pl</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.nask.pl/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.dns.pl/IDN/idn-registration-policy.txt">Policy</a></td>
+
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.pr</td>
+ <td><a href="https://www.nic.pr/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="https://www.nic.pr/idn_rules.asp">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+
+ <td>.se</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic-se.se/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.iis.se/en/domaner/internationaliserad-doman-idn/">Policy</a> (<a href="http://www.iis.se/docs/teckentabell-03.pdf">character list</a>)</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+
+ <td>.sh</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic.sh">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic.sh/SH-IDN-Policy.pdf">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.th</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.thnic.or.th/">Registry</a></td>
+
+ <td><a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/idn/th-thai.html">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>.tm</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic.tm">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.nic.tm/TM-IDN-Policy.pdf">Policy</a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>.tw</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.twnic.net.tw/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3743.html">Policy</a> (JET Guidelines)</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+
+ <td>.vn</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.vnnic.net.vn/">Registry</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.vnnic.vn/english/5-6-300-2-2-04-20071115.htm">Policy</a> (<a href="http://vietunicode.sourceforge.net/tcvn6909.pdf">character list</a>)</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+
+<p>
+This criteria will apply to the email address and server host name fields for all certificate types.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The CAcert Inc. Board has the authority to decide to add or remove accepted TLD Registrars on this list.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p3.2" id="p3.2">3.2. Initial Identity Verification</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Identity verification is controlled by the
+<a href="http://svn.cacert.org/CAcert/Policies/AssurancePolicy.html">
+Assurance Policy</a> (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/AssurancePolicy.html">COD13</a>).
+The reader is refered to the Assurance Policy,
+the following is representative and brief only.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="p3.2.1" id="p3.2.1">3.2.1. Method to prove possession of private key</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+CAcert uses industry-standard techniques to
+prove the possession of the private key.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For X.509 server certificates,
+the stale digital signature of the CSR is verified.
+For X.509 client certificates for "Netscape" browsers,
+SPKAC uses a challenge-response protocol
+to check the private key dynamically.
+For X.509 client certificates for "explorer" browsers,
+ActiveX uses a challenge-response protocol
+to check the private key dynamically.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p3.2.2" id="p3.2.2">3.2.2. Authentication of Individual Identity</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+<b>Agreement.</b>
+An Internet user becomes a Member by agreeing to the
+CAcert Community Agreement
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html">COD9</a>)
+and registering an account on the online website.
+During the registration process Members are asked to
+supply information about themselves:
+</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>A valid working email.
+ </li>
+ <li>Full Name and Date of Birth such as is
+ found on Identity documents.
+ </li>
+ <li>Personal Questions used only for Password Retrieval.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+<p>
+The online account establishes the method of authentication
+for all service requests such as certificates.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Assurance.</b>
+Each Member is assured according to Assurance Policy
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/AssurancePolicy.html">COD13</a>).
+</p>
+
+<!-- <center><a href="http://xkcd.com/364/"> <img src="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/responsible_behavior.png"> </a> </center> -->
+
+
+
+<p>
+<b>Certificates.</b>
+Based on the total number of Assurance Points
+that a Member (Name) has, the Member
+can get different levels of certificates.
+See <a href="#p1.4.5">§1.4.5</a>.
+See Table 3.2.b.
+When Members have 50 or more points, they
+become <i>Assured Members</i> and may then request
+certificates that state their Assured Name(s).
+</p>
+
+
+<br><br>
+<center>
+
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
+ <tr>
+ <th>Assurance Points</th>
+ <th>Level</th>
+ <th>Service</th>
+ <th>Comments</th>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>0</td>
+ <td>Unassured Member</td>
+ <td>Anonymous</td>
+ <td>Certificates with no Name, under Class 1 Root. Limited to 6 months expiry.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>1-49</td>
+ <td>Unassured Member</td>
+ <td>Anonymous</td>
+ <td>Certificates with no Name under Member SubRoot. Limited to 6 months expiry.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td rowspan="1">50-99</td>
+ <td>Assured Member</td>
+ <td>Verified</td>
+ <td>Certificates with Verified Name for S/MIME, web servers, "digital signing."
+ Expiry after 24 months is available.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td rowspan="2">100++</td>
+ <td rowspan="2">Assurer</td>
+ <td>Code-signing</td>
+ <td>Can create Code-signing certificates </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="figure">Table 3.2.b - How Assurance Points are used in Certificates</span>
+
+</center>
+<br>
+
+
+
+<h4><a name="p3.2.3" id="p3.2.3">3.2.3. Authentication of organization identity</a></h4>
+
+
+<p>
+Verification of organisations is delegated by
+the Assurance Policy to the
+Organisation Assurance Policy
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/OrganisationAssurancePolicy.html">COD11</a>).
+The reader is refered to the Organisation Assurance Policy,
+the following is representative and brief only.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Organisations present special challenges.
+The Assurance process for Organisations is
+intended to permit the organisational Name to
+appear in certificates.
+The process relies heavily on the Individual
+process described above.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Organisation Assurance achieves the standard
+stated in the OAP, briefly presented here:
+</p>
+
+<ol type="a"><li>
+ the organisation exists,
+ </li><li>
+ the organisation name is correct and consistent,
+ </li><li>
+ signing rights: requestor can sign on behalf of the organisation, and
+ </li><li>
+ the organisation has agreed to the terms of the
+ CAcert Community Agreement
+ (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html">COD9</a>),
+ and is therefore subject to Arbitration.
+</li></ol>
+
+ <ul class="error">
+ <li> As of the current time of writing, OA lacks critical documentation and there are bugs identified with no response.</li>
+ <li> <a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/PolicyDrafts/OrganisationAssurance">documented bugs</a>. </li>
+ <li> Therefore Organisations will not participate in the current audit cycle of roots. </li>
+ <li> See <a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/OrganisationAssurance">wiki</a> for any progress on this. </li>
+ </ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="p3.2.4" id="p3.2.4">3.2.4. Non-verified subscriber information</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+All information in the certificate is verified,
+see Relying Party Statement, §4.5.2.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="p3.2.5" id="p3.2.5">3.2.5. Validation of authority</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+The authorisation to obtain a certificate is established as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Addresses.</b>
+The member claims authority over a domain or email address
+when adding the address, <a href="#p4.1.2">§4.1.2</a>.
+(Control is tested by means described in <a href="#p4.2.2">§4.2.2</a>.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Individuals.</b>
+The authority to participate as a Member is established
+by the CAcert Community Agreement
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html">COD9</a>).
+Assurances are requested by means of the signed CAP form.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Organisations.</b>
+The authority for Organisation Assurance is established
+in the COAP form, as signed by an authorised representative
+of the organisation.
+The authority for the
+Organisation Administrator
+(O-Admin) is also established on the
+COAP form.
+See Organisation Assurance Policy.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="p3.2.6" id="p3.2.6">3.2.6. Criteria for interoperation</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+CAcert does not currently issue certificates to subordinate CAs
+or other PKIs.
+Other CAs may become Members, and are then subject to the
+same reliance provisions as all Members.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p3.3" id="p3.3">3.3. Re-key Requests</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Via the Member's account.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p3.4" id="p3.4">3.4. Revocations Requests</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Via the Member's account.
+In the event that the Member has lost the password,
+or similar, the Member emails the support team who
+either work through the lost-password questions
+process or file a dispute.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<!-- *************************************************************** -->
+<h2><a name="p4" id="p4">4. CERTIFICATE LIFE-CYCLE OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+The general life-cycle for a new certificate for an Individual Member is:
+</p>
+<ol><li>
+ Member adds claim to an address (domain/email).
+ </li><li>
+ System probes address for control.
+ </li><li>
+ Member creates key pair.
+ </li><li>
+ Member submits CSR with desired options (Anonymous Certificate, SSO, Root Certificate) .
+ </li><li>
+ System validates and accepts CSR based on
+ known information: claims, assurance, controls, technicalities.
+ </li><li>
+ System signs certificate.
+ </li><li>
+ System makes signed certificate available to Member.
+ </li><li>
+ Member accepts certificate.
+</li></ol>
+
+
+
+<p>
+(Some steps are not applicable, such as anonymous certificates.)
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="p4.1" id="p4.1">4.1. Certificate Application</a></h3>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.1.1" id="p4.1.1">4.1.1. Who can submit a certificate application</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Members may submit certificate applications.
+On issuance of certificates, Members become Subscribers.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.1.2" id="p4.1.2">4.1.2. Adding Addresses</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+The Member can claim ownership or authorised control of
+a domain or email address on the online system.
+This is a necessary step towards issuing a certificate.
+There are these controls:
+</p>
+<ul><li>
+ The claim of ownership or control is legally significant
+ and may be referred to dispute resolution.
+ </li><li>
+ Each unique address can be handled by one account only.
+ </li><li>
+ When the Member makes the claim,
+ the certificate application system automatically initiates the
+ check of control, as below.
+</li></ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="p4.1.3" id="p4.1.3">4.1.3. Preparing CSR </a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Members generate their own key-pairs.
+The CAcert Community Agreement
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html">COD9</a>)
+obliges the Member as responsible for security.
+See CCA2.5, §9.6.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Certificate Signing Request (CSR) is prepared by the
+Member for presentation to the automated system.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p4.2" id="p4.2">4.2. Certificate application processing</a></h3>
+
+<!-- states what a CA does on receipt of the request -->
+
+<p>
+The CA's certificate application process is completely automated.
+Requests, approvals and rejections are handled by the website system.
+Each application should be processed in less than a minute.
+</p>
+<p>
+Where certificates are requested for more than one
+purpose, the requirements for each purpose must be
+fulfilled.
+</p>
+
+<!-- all sub headings in 4.2 are local, not from Chokhani. -->
+
+<h4><a name="p4.2.1" id="p4.2.1">4.2.1. Authentication </a></h4>
+
+<p>
+ The Member logs in to her account on the CAcert website
+ and thereby authenticates herself with username
+ and passphrase or with her CAcert client-side digital certificate.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.2.2" id="p4.2.2">4.2.2. Verifying Control</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+In principle, at least two controls are placed on each address.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b><a name="ping">Email-Ping</a>.</b>
+Email addresses are verified by means of an
+<i><a name="ping">Email-Ping test</a></i>:
+</p>
+
+<ul><li>
+ The system generates a cookie
+ (a random, hard-to-guess code)
+ and formats it as a string.
+ </li><li>
+ The system sends the cookie
+ to the Member in an email.
+ </li><li>
+ Once the Member receives the email,
+ she enters the cookie into the website.
+ </li><li>
+ The entry of the code verifies
+ control of that email account.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>
+<b><a name="email">Email Control</a>.</b>
+Email addresses for client certificates are verified by passing the
+following checks:
+</p>
+<ol>
+ <li>An Email-ping test
+ is done on the email address.
+ </li>
+ <li>The Member must have signed a CAP form or equivalent,
+ and been awarded at least one Assurance point.
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+<b><a name="domain">Domain Control</a>.</b>
+Domains addresses for server certificates are verified by passing two of the
+following checks:
+</p>
+<ol> <li>
+ An Email-ping test
+ is done on an email address chosen from <i>whois</i>
+ or interpolated from the domain name.
+ </li> <li>
+ The system generates a cookie
+ which is then placed in DNS
+ by the Member.
+ </li> <li>
+ The system generates a cookie
+ which is then placed in HTTP headers or a text file on the website
+ by the Member.
+ </li> <li>
+ Statement by at least 2 Assurers about
+ ownership/control of the domain name.
+ </li> <li>
+ The system generates a cookie
+ which is then placed in whois registry information
+ by the Member.
+</li> </ol>
+
+<p>
+Notes.</p>
+<ul><li>
+ Other methods can be added from time to time by CAcert.
+ </li><li>
+ Static cookies should remain for the duration of a certificate
+ for occasional re-testing.
+ </li><li>
+ Dynamic tests can be repeated at a later time of CAcert's choosing.
+ </li><li>
+ Domain control checks may be extended to apply to email control
+ in the future.
+</li></ul>
+
+
+ <ul class="q">
+ <li> As of the time of writing, only a singular Email-ping is implemented in the technical system. </li>
+ <li> A further approved check is the 1 pt Assurance. </li>
+ <li> Practically, this would mean that certificates can only be issued under Audit Roots to Members with 1 point. </li>
+ <li> Criteria DRC C.7.f, A.2.q, A.2.i indicate registry whois reading. Also A.2.h. </li>
+ <li> Current view is that this will be resolved in BirdShack. </li>
+ </ul>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.2.3" id="p4.2.3">4.2.3. Options Available</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+The Member has options available:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Each Email address that is verified
+ is available for Client Certificates.
+ </li>
+ <li>Each Domain address that is verified
+ is available for Server Certificates.
+ </li>
+ <li>If the Member is unassured then only the Member SubRoot is available.
+ </li>
+ <li>If the Member is Assured then both Assured Member and Member SubRoots
+ are available.
+ </li>
+ <li>If a Name is Assured then it may be
+ put in a client certificate or an OpenPGP signature.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.2.4" id="p4.2.4">4.2.4. Client Certificate Procedures</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+For an individual client certificate, the following is required.</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>The email address is claimed and added. </li>
+ <li>The email address is ping-tested. </li>
+ <li>For the Member Subroot, the Member must have
+ at least one point of Assurance and have signed a CAP form.</li>
+ <li>For the Assured Subroot, the Member must have
+ at least fifty points of Assurance. </li>
+ <li>To include a Name, the Name must be assured to at least fifty points. </li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="p4.2.5" id="p4.2.5">4.2.5. Server Certificate Procedures</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+For a server certificate, the following is required:</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>The domain is claimed and added. </li>
+ <li>The domain is checked twice as above. </li>
+ <li>For the Member SubRoot, the Member must have
+ at least one point of Assurance and have signed a CAP form.</li>
+ <li>For the Assured SubRoot, the Member must have
+ at least fifty points of Assurance. </li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<h4><a name="p4.2.6" id="p4.2.6">4.2.6. Code-signing Certificate Procedures</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Code-signing certificates are made available to Assurers only.
+They are processed in a similar manner to client certificates.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.2.7" id="p4.2.7">4.2.7. Organisation Domain Verification</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Organisation Domains are handled under the Organisation Assurance Policy
+and the Organisation Handbook.
+</p>
+
+ <ul class="q">
+ <li> As of time of writing, there is no Handbook for Organisation Assurers or for the Organisation, and the policy needs rework; so (audit) roots will not have OA certs .... </li>
+ <li> <a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/PolicyDrafts/OrganisationAssurance"> Drafts </a> for ongoing story. </li>
+ </ul>
+
+<h3><a name="p4.3" id="p4.3">4.3. Certificate issuance</a></h3>
+
+
+<!-- <a href="http://xkcd.com/153/"> <img align="right" src="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/cryptography.png"> </a> -->
+<h4><a name="p4.3.1" id="p4.3.1">4.3.1. CA actions during certificate issuance</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+<b>Key Sizes.</b>
+Members may request keys of any size permitted by the key algorithm.
+Many older hardware devices require small keys.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Algorithms.</b>
+CAcert currently only supports the RSA algorithm for X.509 keys.
+X.509 signing uses the SHA-1 message digest algorithm.
+OpenPGP Signing uses RSA signing over RSA and DSA keys.
+
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Process for Certificates:</b>
+All details in each certificate are verified
+by the website issuance system.
+Issuance is based on a 'template' system that selects
+profiles for certificate lifetime, size, algorithm.
+</p>
+
+
+<ol><li>
+ The CSR is verified.
+ </li><li>
+ Data is extracted from CSR and verified:
+ <ul>
+ <li> Name §3.1, </li>
+ <li> Email address <a href="#p4.2.2">§4.2.2</a>, </li>
+ <li> Domain address <a href="#p4.2.2">§4.2.2</a>. </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li><li>
+ Certificate is generated from template.
+ </li><li>
+ Data is copied from CSR.
+ </li><li>
+ Certificate is signed.
+ </li><li>
+ Certificate is stored as well as mailed.
+</li></ol>
+
+
+<p>
+<b>Process for OpenPGP key signatures:</b>
+All details in each Sub-ID are verified
+by the website issuance system.
+Issuance is based on the configuration that selects
+the profile for signature lifetime, size,
+algorithm following the process:
+</p>
+
+<ol><li>
+ The public key is verified.
+ </li><li>
+ Data is extracted from the key and verified (Name, Emails).
+ Only the combinations of data in Table 4.3.1 are permitted.
+ </li><li>
+ OpenPGP Key Signature is generated.
+ </li><li>
+ Key Signature is applied to the key.
+ </li><li>
+ The signed key is stored as well as mailed.
+</li></ol>
+
+<center>
+<table border="1" align="center" valign="top" cellpadding="5"><tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td><br></td>
+ <td>Verified Name</td>
+ <td valign="top">Unverified Name<br></td>
+ <td>Empty Name<br></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Verified email<br></td>
+ <td><center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center></td>
+ <td valign="top"><center> <font title="pass." color="red" size="+3"> ✘ </font> </center></td>
+ <td><center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Unverified email</td>
+ <td><center> <font title="pass." color="red" size="+3"> ✘ </font> </center></td>
+ <td valign="top"><center> <font title="pass." color="red" size="+3"> ✘ </font> </center></td>
+ <td><center> <font title="pass." color="red" size="+3"> ✘ </font> </center></td></tr><tr><td valign="top">Empty email<br></td>
+ <td valign="top"><center> <font title="pass." color="green" size="+3"> ✔ </font> </center></td>
+ <td valign="top"><center> <font title="pass." color="red" size="+3"> ✘ </font> </center></td>
+ <td valign="top"><center> <font title="pass." color="red" size="+3"> ✘ </font> </center></td>
+ </tr>
+</tbody></table><br>
+
+<span class="figure">Table 4.3.1. Permitted Data in Signed OpenPgp Keys</span>
+</center>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.3.2" id="p4.3.2">4.3.2. Notification to subscriber by the CA of issuance of certificate</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Once signed, the certificate is
+made available via the Member's account,
+and emailed to the Member.
+It is also archived internally.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p4.4" id="p4.4">4.4. Certificate acceptance</a></h3>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.4.1" id="p4.4.1">4.4.1. Conduct constituting certificate acceptance</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+There is no need for the Member to explicitly accept the certificate.
+In case the Member does not accept the certificate,
+the certificate has to be revoked and made again.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.4.2" id="p4.4.2">4.4.2. Publication of the certificate by the CA</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+CAcert does not currently publish the issued certificates
+in any repository.
+In the event that CAcert will run a repository,
+the publication of certificates and signatures
+there will be at the Member's options.
+However note that certificates that are issued
+and delivered to the Member are presumed to be
+published. See §2.2.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.4.3" id="p4.4.3">4.4.3. Notification of certificate issuance by the CA to other entities</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+There are no external entities that are notified about issued certificates.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p4.5" id="p4.5">4.5. Key pair and certificate usage</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+All Members (subscribers and relying parties)
+are obliged according to the
+CAcert Community Agreement
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html">COD9</a>)
+See especially 2.3 through 2.5.
+</p>
+<h4><a name="p4.5.1" id="p4.5.1">4.5.1. Subscriber Usage and Responsibilities</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Subscribers should use keys only for their proper purpose,
+as indicated by the certificate, or by wider agreement with
+others.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.5.2" id="p4.5.2">4.5.2. Relying Party Usage and Responsibilities</a></h4>
+
+
+<p>
+Relying parties (Members) may rely on the following.
+</p>
+
+<center>
+ <table border="1" cellpadding="25"><tr><td>
+ <p align="center">
+ <big><b>Relying Party Statement</b></big>
+ <p>
+ Certificates are issued to Members only.<br><br>
+ All information in a certificate is verified.
+ </p>
+ </td></tr></table>
+</center>
+
+
+<p>
+The following notes are in addition to the Relying Party Statement,
+and can be seen as limitations on it.
+</p>
+
+<h5>4.5.2.a Methods of Verification </h5>
+<p>
+The term Verification as used in the Relying Party Statement means one of
+</p>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5"><tr>
+ <th>Type</th><th>How</th><th>Authority</th><th>remarks</th>
+</tr><tr>
+ <th>Assurance</th><td>under CAcert Assurance Programme (CAP)</td>
+ <td>Assurance Policy</td>
+ <td>only information assured to 50 points under CAP is placed in the certificate </td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <th>Evaluation</th><td>under automated domain and email checks </td>
+ <td>this CPS</td>
+ <td>see §4.2.2</td>
+</tr><tr>
+ <th>Controlled</th><td>programs or "profiles" that check the information within the CSR </td>
+ <td>this CPS</td>
+ <td>see §7.1</td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h5>4.5.2.b Who may rely</h5>
+<p>
+<b>Members may rely.</b>
+Relying parties are Members,
+and as such are bound by this CPS and the
+CAcert Community Agreement
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html">COD9</a>).
+The licence and permission to rely is not assignable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Suppliers of Software.</b>
+CAcert roots may be distributed in software,
+and those providers may
+enter into agreement with CAcert by means of the
+Third Party Vendor - Disclaimer and Licence
+(wip).
+This licence brings the supplier in to the Community
+to the extent that <span class="q"> ...WIP comment:</span>
+they agree to dispute resolution
+within CAcert's forum.
+</p>
+
+ <ul class="q">
+ <li> Just exactly what the 3PV-DaL says is unclear.</li>
+ <li> The document itself is more a collection of ideas.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+
+<p>
+<b>NRPs may not rely.</b>
+If not related to CAcert by means of an agreement
+that binds the parties to dispute resolution within CAcert's forum,
+a person is a Non-Related-Person (NRP).
+An NRP is not permitted to rely and is not a Relying Party.
+For more details, see the
+NRP - Disclaimer and Licence (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/NRPDisclaimerAndLicence.html">COD4</a>).
+</p>
+
+<h5>4.5.2.c The Act of Reliance </h5>
+
+<p>
+<b>Decision making.</b>
+Reliance means taking a decision that is in part or in whole
+based on the information in the certificate.
+
+A Relying Party may incorporate
+the information in the certificate,
+and the implied information such as Membership,
+into her decision-making.
+In making a decision,
+a Relying Party should also:
+</p>
+
+<ul><li>
+ include her own overall risk equation,
+ </li><li>
+ include the general limitations of the Assurance process,
+ certificates, and wider security considerations,
+ </li><li>
+ make additional checks to provide more information,
+ </li><li>
+ consider any wider agreement with the other Member, and
+ </li><li>
+ use an appropriate protocol or custom of reliance (below).
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>
+<b>Examining the Certificate.</b>
+A Relying Party must make her own decision in using
+each certificate. She must examine the certificate,
+a process called <i>validation</i>.
+Certificate-related information includes,
+but is not limited to:
+</p>
+<ul><li>
+ Name,
+ </li><li>
+ expiry time of certificate,
+ </li><li>
+ current certificate revocation list (CRL),
+ </li><li>
+ certificate chain and
+ the validity check of the certificates in the chain,
+ </li><li>
+ issuer of certificate (CAcert),
+ </li><li>
+ SubRoot is intended for reliance (Assured, Organisation and Class 3)
+ </li><li>
+ purpose of certificate.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>
+<b>Keeping Records.</b>
+Records should be kept, appropriate to the import of the decision.
+The certificate should be preserved.
+This should include sufficient
+evidence to establish who the parties are
+(especially, the certificate relied upon),
+to establish the transaction in question,
+and to establish the wider agreement that
+defines the act.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Wider Protocol.</b>
+In principle, reliance will be part of a wider protocol
+(customary method in reaching and preserving agreement)
+that presents and preserves sufficient of the evidence
+for dispute resolution under CAcert's forum of Arbitration.
+The protocol should be agreed amongst the parties,
+and tuned to the needs.
+This CPS does not define any such protocol.
+In the absence of such a protocol, reliance will be weakened;
+a dispute without sufficient evidence may be dismissed by an Arbitrator.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>As Compared to Usage</b>.
+Reliance goes beyond Usage. The latter is limited to
+letting the software act as the total and only Validation
+Authority. When relying, the Member also augments
+the algorithmic processing of the software with her own
+checks of the business, technical and certificate aspect.
+</p>
+
+<h5>4.5.2.d Risks and Limitations of Reliance </h5>
+<p>
+<b>Roots and Naming.</b>
+Where the Class 1 root is used,
+this Subscriber may be a new Member
+including one with zero points.
+Where the Name is not provided,
+this indicates it is not available.
+In these circumstances,
+reliance is not defined,
+and Relying parties should take more care.
+See Table 4.5.2.
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
+ <tr>
+ <td></td>
+ <td colspan="4"><center><i>Statements of Reliance for Members</i></center></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><i>Class of Root</i></td>
+ <td><center><b>Anonymous</b><br>(all Members)</center></td>
+ <td><center><b>Named</b><br>(Assured Members only)</center></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><center>Class<br><big><b>1</b></big></center></td>
+ <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="red">
+ <b>Do not rely.</b><BR>
+ Relying party must use other methods to check. </td>
+ <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="orange">
+ Do not rely.
+ Although the named Member has been Assured by CAcert,
+ reliance is not defined with Class 1 root.<BR>
+ (issued for compatibility only).</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><center><big><b>Member</b></big><br>SubRoot</center></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><center>Class<br><big><b>3</b></big></center></td>
+ <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="orange">
+ Do not rely on the Name (being available).
+ The Member has been Assured by CAcert,
+ but reliance is undefined.</td>
+ <td rowspan="2">
+ The Member named in the certificate has been Assured by CAcert.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><center><big><b>Assured</b></big><br>SubRoot</center></td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="figure">Table 4.5.2. Statements of Reliance</span>
+</center>
+
+<p>
+<b>Software Agent.</b>
+When relying on a certificate, relying parties should
+note that your software is responsible for the way it
+shows you the information in a certificate.
+If your software agent hides parts of the information,
+your sole remedy may be to choose another software agent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Malware.</b>
+When relying on a certificate, relying parties should
+note that platforms that are vulnerable to viruses or
+trojans or other weaknesses may not process any certificates
+properly and may give deceptive or fraudulent results.
+It is your responsibility to ensure you are using a platform
+that is secured according to the needs of the application.
+</p>
+
+<h5>4.5.2.e When something goes wrong </h5>
+<p>
+In the event that an issue arises out of the Member's reliance,
+her sole avenue is <b>to file dispute under DRP</b>.
+See <a href="#p9.13">§9.13</a>.
+<!-- DRC_A§A.4.d -->
+For this purpose, the certificate (and other evidence) should be preserved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Which person?</b>
+Members may install certificates for other individuals or in servers,
+but the Member to whom the certificate is issued
+remains the responsible person.
+E.g., under Organisation Assurance, an organisation is issued
+a certificate for the use by individuals
+or servers within that organisation,
+but the Organisation is the responsible person.
+</p>
+
+<!-- <a href="http://xkcd.com/424/"> <img align="right" src="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/security_holes.png"> </a> -->
+<p>
+<b>Software Agent.</b>
+If a Member is relying on a CAcert root embedded in
+the software as supplied by a vendor,
+the risks, liabilities and obligations of the Member
+do not automatically transfer to the vendor.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p4.6" id="p4.6">4.6. Certificate renewal</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+A certificate can be renewed at any time.
+The procedure of certificate renewal is the same
+as for the initial certificate issuance.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p4.7" id="p4.7">4.7. Certificate re-key</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Certificate "re-keyings" are not offered nor supported.
+A new certificate with a new key has to be requested and issued instead,
+and the old one revoked.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p4.8" id="p4.8">4.8. Certificate modification</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Certificate "modifications" are not offered nor supported.
+A new certificate has to be requested and issued instead.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p4.9" id="p4.9">4.9. Certificate revocation and suspension</a></h3>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.1" id="p4.9.1">4.9.1. Circumstances for revocation</a></h4>
+<p>
+Certificates may be revoked under the following circumstances:
+</p>
+
+<ol><li>
+ As initiated by the Subscriber through her online account.
+ </li><li>
+ As initiated in an emergency action by a
+ support team member.
+ Such action will immediately be referred to dispute resolution
+ for ratification.
+ </li><li>
+ Under direction from the Arbitrator in a duly ordered ruling
+ from a filed dispute.
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>
+These are the only three circumstances under which a
+revocation occurs.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.2" id="p4.9.2">4.9.2. Who can request revocation</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+As above.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.3" id="p4.9.3">4.9.3. Procedure for revocation request</a></h4>
+<p>
+The Subscriber logs in to her online account through
+the website at http://www.cacert.org/ .
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In any other event such as lost passwords or fraud,
+a dispute should be filed
+by email at
+ < support AT cacert DOT org >
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.4" id="p4.9.4">4.9.4. Revocation request grace period</a></h4>
+
+<p>No stipulation.</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.5" id="p4.9.5">4.9.5. Time within which CA must process the revocation request</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+The revocation automated in the Web Interface for subscribers,
+and is handled generally in less than a minute.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A filed dispute that requests a revocation should be handled
+within a five business days, however the Arbitrator has discretion.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.6" id="p4.9.6">4.9.6. Revocation checking requirement for relying parties</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Each revoked certificate is recorded in the
+certificate revocation list (CRL).
+Relying Parties must check a certificate against
+the most recent CRL issued, in order to validate
+the certificate for the intended reliance.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.7" id="p4.9.7">4.9.7. CRL issuance frequency (if applicable)</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+A new CRL is issued after every certificate revocation.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.8" id="p4.9.8">4.9.8. Maximum latency for CRLs (if applicable)</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+The maximum latency between revocation and issuance of the CRL is 1 hour.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.9" id="p4.9.9">4.9.9. On-line revocation/status checking availability</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+OCSP is available at
+http://ocsp.cacert.org/ .
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.10" id="p4.9.10">4.9.10. On-line revocation checking requirements</a></h4>
+<p>
+Relying parties must check up-to-date status before relying.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.11" id="p4.9.11">4.9.11. Other forms of revocation advertisements available</a></h4>
+<p>
+None.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.12" id="p4.9.12">4.9.12. Special requirements re key compromise</a></h4>
+<p>
+Subscribers are obliged to revoke certificates at the earliest opportunity.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.13" id="p4.9.13">4.9.13. Circumstances for suspension</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Suspension of certificates is not available.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.14" id="p4.9.14">4.9.14. Who can request suspension</a></h4>
+<p>
+Not applicable.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.15" id="p4.9.15">4.9.15. Procedure for suspension request</a></h4>
+<p>
+Not applicable.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.9.16" id="p4.9.16">4.9.16. Limits on suspension period</a></h4>
+<p>
+Not applicable.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="p4.10" id="p4.10">4.10. Certificate status services</a></h3>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.10.1" id="p4.10.1">4.10.1. Operational characteristics</a></h4>
+<p>
+OCSP is available
+at http://ocsp.cacert.org/ .
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.10.2" id="p4.10.2">4.10.2. Service availability</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+OCSP is made available on an experimental basis.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.10.3" id="p4.10.3">4.10.3. Optional features</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p4.11" id="p4.11">4.11. End of subscription</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Certificates include expiry dates.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p4.12" id="p4.12">4.12. Key escrow and recovery</a></h3>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.12.1" id="p4.12.1">4.12.1. Key escrow and recovery policy and practices</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+CAcert does not generate nor escrow subscriber keys.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p4.12.2" id="p4.12.2">4.12.2. Session key encapsulation and recovery policy and practices</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<!-- *************************************************************** -->
+<h2><a name="p5" id="p5">5. FACILITY, MANAGEMENT, AND OPERATIONAL CONTROLS</a></h2>
+
+<!-- <a href="http://xkcd.com/87/"> <img align="right" src="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/velociraptors.jpg"> </a> -->
+
+<h3><a name="p5.1" id="p5.1">5.1. Physical controls</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Refer to Security Policy (<a href="http://svn.cacert.org/CAcert/Policies/SecurityPolicy.html">COD8</a>)</p>
+<ul><li>
+ Site location and construction - SP2.1
+ </li><li>
+ Physical access - SP2.3
+</li></ul>
+
+
+
+<h4><a name="p5.1.3" id="p5.1.3">5.1.3. Power and air conditioning</a></h4>
+<p>
+Refer to Security Policy 2.1.2 (<a href="http://svn.cacert.org/CAcert/Policies/SecurityPolicy.html">COD8</a>)
+</p>
+<h4><a name="p5.1.4" id="p5.1.4">5.1.4. Water exposures</a></h4>
+<p>
+Refer to Security Policy 2.1.4 (<a href="http://svn.cacert.org/CAcert/Policies/SecurityPolicy.html">COD8</a>)
+</p>
+<h4><a name="p5.1.5" id="p5.1.5">5.1.5. Fire prevention and protection</a></h4>
+<p>
+Refer to Security Policy 2.1.4 (<a href="http://svn.cacert.org/CAcert/Policies/SecurityPolicy.html">COD8</a>)
+</p>
+<h4><a name="p5.1.6" id="p5.1.6">5.1.6. Media storage</a></h4>
+<p>
+Refer to Security Policy 4.3 (<a href="http://svn.cacert.org/CAcert/Policies/SecurityPolicy.html">COD8</a>)
+</p>
+<h4><a name="p5.1.7" id="p5.1.7">5.1.7. Waste disposal</a></h4>
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+<h4><a name="p5.1.8" id="p5.1.8">5.1.8. Off-site backup</a></h4>
+<p>
+Refer to Security Policy 4.3 (<a href="http://svn.cacert.org/CAcert/Policies/SecurityPolicy.html">COD8</a>)
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p5.2" id="p5.2">5.2. Procedural controls</a></h3>
+
+<h4><a name="p5.2.1" id="p5.2.1">5.2.1. Trusted roles</a></h4>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><b> Technical teams:</b>
+ <ul>
+ <li>User support personnel</li>
+ <li>Systems Administrators -- critical and non-critical</li>
+ <li>Softare Developers</li>
+ <li>controllers of keys</li>
+ </ul>
+ Refer to Security Policy 9.1 (<a href="http://svn.cacert.org/CAcert/Policies/SecurityPolicy.html">COD8</a>)
+
+ </li>
+
+ <li><b>Assurance:</b>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Assurers</li>
+ <li> Any others authorised under COD13 </li>
+ </ul>
+ Refer to Assurance Policy (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/AssurancePolicy.html">COD13</a>)
+ </li>
+
+ <li><b>Governance:</b>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Directors (members of the CAcert Inc. committee, or "Board") </li>
+ <li>Internal Auditor</li>
+ <li>Arbitrator</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="p5.2.2" id="p5.2.2">5.2.2. Number of persons required per task</a></h4>
+<p>
+CAcert operates to the principles of <i>four eyes</i> and <i>dual control</i>.
+All important roles require a minimum of two persons.
+The people may be tasked to operate
+with an additional person observing (<i>four eyes</i>),
+or with two persons controlling (<i>dual control</i>).
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p5.2.3" id="p5.2.3">5.2.3. Identification and authentication for each role</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+All important roles are generally required to be assured
+at least to the level of Assurer, as per AP.
+Refer to Assurance Policy (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/AssurancePolicy.html">COD13</a>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Technical.</b>
+Refer to Security Policy 9.1 (<a href="http://svn.cacert.org/CAcert/Policies/SecurityPolicy.html">COD8</a>).
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p5.2.4" id="p5.2.4">5.2.4. Roles requiring separation of duties</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Roles strive in general for separation of duties, either along the lines of
+<i>four eyes principle</i> or <i>dual control</i>.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p5.3" id="p5.3">5.3. Personnel controls</a></h3>
+
+<h4><a name="p5.3.1" id="p5.3.1">5.3.1. Qualifications, experience, and clearance requirements</a></h4>
+
+<center>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>Role</b></td> <td><b>Policy</b></td> <td><b>Comments</b></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td>Assurer</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/AssurancePolicy.html"> COD13 </a></td>
+ <td>
+ Passes Challenge, Assured to 100 points.
+ </td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td>Organisation Assurer</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/OrganisationAssurancePolicy.html">COD11</a></td>
+ <td>
+ Trained and tested by two supervising OAs.
+ </td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td>Technical</td>
+ <td>SM => COD08</td>
+ <td>
+ Teams responsible for testing.
+ </td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td>Arbitrator</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/DisputeResolutionPolicy.html">COD7</a></td>
+ <td>
+ Experienced Assurers.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="figure">Table 5.3.1. Controls on Roles</span>
+</center>
+
+
+<h4><a name="p5.3.2" id="p5.3.2">5.3.2. Background check procedures</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Refer to Security Policy 9.1.3 (<a href="http://svn.cacert.org/CAcert/Policies/SecurityPolicy.html">COD8</a>).
+</p>
+<!-- <a href="http://xkcd.com/538/"> <img align="right" src="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/security.png"> </a> -->
+
+<h4><a name="p5.3.3" id="p5.3.3">5.3.3. Training requirements</a></h4>
+<p>No stipulation.</p>
+<h4><a name="p5.3.4" id="p5.3.4">5.3.4. Retraining frequency and requirements</a></h4>
+<p>No stipulation.</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p5.3.5" id="p5.3.5">5.3.5. Job rotation frequency and sequence</a></h4>
+<p>No stipulation.</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p5.3.6" id="p5.3.6">5.3.6. Sanctions for unauthorized actions</a></h4>
+<p>
+Any actions that are questionable
+- whether uncertain or grossly negligent -
+may be filed as a dispute.
+The Arbitrator has wide discretion in
+ruling on loss of points, retraining,
+or termination of access or status.
+Refer to DRP.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p5.3.7" id="p5.3.7">5.3.7. Independent contractor requirements</a></h4>
+<p>No stipulation.</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p5.3.8" id="p5.3.8">5.3.8. Documentation supplied to personnel</a></h4>
+<p>No stipulation.</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p5.4" id="p5.4">5.4. Audit logging procedures</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Refer to Security Policy 4.2, 5 (<a href="http://svn.cacert.org/CAcert/Policies/SecurityPolicy.html">COD8</a>).
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p5.5" id="p5.5">5.5. Records archival</a></h3>
+<p>
+The standard retention period is 7 years.
+Once archived, records can only be obtained and verified
+by means of a filed dispute.
+Following types of records are archived:
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>Record</b></td>
+ <td><b>Nature</b></td>
+ <td><b>Exceptions</b></td>
+ <td><b>Documentation</b></td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Member</td>
+ <td>username, primary and added addresses, security questions, Date of Birth</td>
+ <td>resigned non-subscribers: 0 years.</td>
+ <td>Security Policy and Privacy Policy</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Assurance</td>
+ <td>CAP forms</td>
+ <td>"at least 7 years."<br> as per subsidiary policies</td>
+ <td>Assurance Policy 4.5</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Organisation Assurance</td>
+ <td>COAP forms</td>
+ <td>as per subsidiary policies</td>
+ <td>Organisation Assurance Policy</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>certificates and revocations</td>
+ <td> for reliance </td>
+ <td> 7 years after termination </td>
+ <td>this CPS</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>critical roles</td>
+ <td>background check worksheets</td>
+ <td>under direct Arbitrator control</td>
+ <td>Security Policy 9.1.3</td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="figure">Table 5.5. Documents and Retention </span>
+</center>
+
+
+<h3><a name="p5.6" id="p5.6">5.6. Key changeover</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Refer to Security Policy 9.2 (<a href="http://svn.cacert.org/CAcert/Policies/SecurityPolicy.html">COD8</a>).
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p5.7" id="p5.7">5.7. Compromise and disaster recovery</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Refer to Security Policy 5, 6 (<a href="http://svn.cacert.org/CAcert/Policies/SecurityPolicy.html">COD8</a>).
+(Refer to <a href="#p1.4">§1.4</a> for limitations to service.)
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="p5.8" id="p5.8">5.8. CA or RA termination</a></h3>
+
+<h4><a name="p5.8.1" id="p5.8.1">5.8.1 CA termination</a></h4>
+
+
+<p>
+<s>
+If CAcert should terminate its operation or be
+taken over by another organisation, the actions
+will be conducted according to a plan approved
+by the CAcert Inc. Board.
+</s>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the event of operational termination, the
+Roots (including SubRoots)
+and all private Member information will be secured.
+The Roots will be handed over to a responsible
+party for the sole purpose of issuing revocations.
+Member information will be securely destroyed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="change">
+The CA cannot be transferrred to another organisation.
+</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<s>
+In the event of takeover,
+the Board will decide if it is in the interest
+of the Members to be converted to the
+new organisation.
+Members will be notified about the conversion
+and transfer of the Member information.
+Such takeover, conversion or transfer may involve termination
+of this CPS and other documents.
+See §9.10.2.
+Members will have reasonable time in which to file a related
+dispute after notification
+(at least one month).
+See §9.13.
+</s>
+</p>
+<s>
+ <ul class="error">
+ <li> The ability to transfer is not given in any of CCA, PP or AP! </li>
+ <li> The Board does not have the power to terminate a policy, that is the role of policy group! </li>
+ <li> The right to transfer was against the principles of the CAcert? </li>
+ <li> Check Association Statutes.... </li>
+ </ul>
+</s>
+
+<p>
+<span class="change">
+<s>
+New root keys and certificates will be made available
+by the new organisation as soon as reasonably practical.
+</s>
+</span>
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p5.8.2" id="p5.8.2">5.8.2 RA termination</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+When an Assurer desires to voluntarily terminates
+her responsibilities, she does this by filing a dispute,
+and following the instructions of the Arbitrator.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the case of involuntary termination, the process is
+the same, save for some other party filing the dispute.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<!-- *************************************************************** -->
+<h2><a name="p6" id="p6">6. TECHNICAL SECURITY CONTROLS</a></h2>
+
+
+<!-- <a href="http://xkcd.com/221/"> <img align="right" src="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/random_number.png"> </a> -->
+
+<h3><a name="p6.1" id="p6.1">6.1. Key Pair Generation and Installation</a></h3>
+
+<h4><a name="p6.1.1" id="p6.1.1">6.1.1. Key Pair Generation</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Subscribers generate their own Key Pairs.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p6.1.2" id="p6.1.2">6.1.2. Subscriber Private key security</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+There is no technical stipulation on how Subscribers generate
+and keep safe their private keys,
+however, CCA 2.5 provides for general security obligations.
+See <a href="#p9.6">§9.6</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p6.1.3" id="p6.1.3">6.1.3. Public Key Delivery to Certificate Issuer</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Members login to their online account.
+Public Keys are delivered by cut-and-pasting
+them into the appropriate window.
+Public Keys are delivered in signed-CSR form
+for X.509 and in self-signed form for OpenPGP.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p6.1.4" id="p6.1.4">6.1.4. CA Public Key delivery to Relying Parties</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+The CA root certificates are distributed by these means:
+</p>
+
+<ul><li>
+ Published on the website of CAcert,
+ in both HTTP and HTTPS.
+ </li><li>
+ Included in Third-Party Software such as
+ Browsers, Email-Clients.
+ Such suppliers are subject to the Third Party Vendor Agreement.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p class="q"> Third Party Vendor Agreement is early wip, only </p>
+
+<h4><a name="p6.1.5" id="p6.1.5">6.1.5. Key sizes</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+No limitation is placed on Subscriber key sizes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+CAcert X.509 root and intermediate keys are currently 4096 bits.
+X.509 roots use RSA and sign with the SHA-1 message digest algorithm.
+See <a href="#p4.3.1">§4.3.1</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+OpenPGP Signing uses both RSA and DSA (1024 bits).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+CAcert adds larger keys and hashes
+in line with general cryptographic trends,
+and as supported by major software suppliers.
+</p>
+
+ <ul class="q">
+ <li> old Class 3 SubRoot is signed with MD5 </li>
+ <li> likely this will clash with future plans of vendors to drop acceptance of MD5</li>
+ <li> Is this a concern? </li>
+ <li> to users who have these certs, a lot? </li>
+ <li> to audit, not much? </li>
+ </ul>
+
+
+<h4><a name="p6.1.6" id="p6.1.6">6.1.6. Public key parameters generation and quality checking</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p6.1.7" id="p6.1.7">6.1.7. Key Usage Purposes</a></h4>
+
+
+ <ul class="q">
+ <li> This section probably needs to detail the key usage bits in the certs. </li>
+ </ul>
+
+
+<p>
+CAcert roots are general purpose.
+Each root key may sign all of the general purposes
+- client, server, code.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The website controls the usage purposes that may be signed.
+This is effected by means of the 'template' system.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<!-- <a href="http://xkcd.com/257/"> <img align="right" src="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/code_talkers.png"> </a> -->
+
+<h3><a name="p6.2" id="p6.2">6.2. Private Key Protection and Cryptographic Module Engineering Controls</a></h3>
+
+
+
+
+<h4><a name="p6.2.1" id="p6.2.1">6.2.1. Cryptographic module standards and controls</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+SubRoot keys are stored on a single machine which acts
+as a Cryptographic Module, or <i>signing server</i>.
+It operates a single daemon for signing only.
+The signing server has these security features:
+</p>
+
+<ul><li>
+ It is connected only by one
+ dedicated (serial USB) link
+ to the online account server.
+ It is not connected to the network,
+ nor to any internal LAN (ethernet),
+ nor to a console switch.
+ </li><li>
+ The protocol over the dedicated link is a custom, simple
+ request protocol that only handles certificate signing requests.
+ </li><li>
+ The daemon is designed not to reveal the key.
+ </li><li>
+ The daemon incorporates a dead-man switch that monitors
+ the one webserver machine that requests access.
+ </li><li>
+ The daemon shuts down if a bad request is detected.
+ </li><li>
+ The daemon resides on an encrypted partition.
+ </li><li>
+ The signing server can only be (re)started with direct
+ systems administration access.
+ </li><li>
+ Physical Access to the signing server is under dual control.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>
+See §5. and the Security Policy 9.3.1.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+(Hardware-based, commercial and standards-based cryptographic
+modules have been tried and tested, and similar have been tested,
+but have been found wanting, e.g., for short key lengths and
+power restrictions.)
+</p>
+
+<ol class="q"><li>
+ What document is responsible for architecture? CPS? SM?
+ <a href="http://www.cacert.org/help.php?id=7">website</a>?
+ SM punts it to CPS, so above stays.
+ </li><li>
+ There is no criteria on Architecture.
+ </li><li>
+ Old questions moved to SM.
+ </li><li>
+ See
+ <a href="http://www.cacert.org/help.php?id=7">
+ CAcert Root key protection</a> which should be deprecated by this CPS.
+</li></ol>
+
+
+<h3><a name="p6.3" id="p6.3">6.3. Other aspects of key pair management</a></h3>
+<h4><a name="p6.3.1" id="p6.3.1">6.3.1. Public key archival</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Subscriber certificates, including public keys,
+are stored in the database backing the online system.
+They are not made available in a public- or subscriber-accessible
+archive, see §2.
+They are backed-up by CAcert's normal backup procedure,
+but their availability is a subscriber responsibility.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p6.3.2" id="p6.3.2">6.3.2. Certificate operational periods and key pair usage periods</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+The operational period of a certificate and its key pair
+depends on the Assurance status of the Member,
+see <a href="#p1.4.5">§1.4.5</a> and Assurance Policy (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/AssurancePolicy.html">COD13</a>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The CAcert (top-level) Root certificate
+has a 30 year expiry.
+SubRoots have 10 years, and are to be rolled over more quickly.
+The keysize of the root certificates are chosen
+in order to ensure an optimum security to CAcert
+Members based on current recommendations from the
+<a href="http://www.keylength.com/">cryptographic community</a>
+and maximum limits in generally available software.
+At time of writing this is 4096 bits.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p6.4" id="p6.4">6.4. Activation data</a></h3>
+<p> No stipulation. </p>
+
+<h3><a name="p6.5" id="p6.5">6.5. Computer security controls</a></h3>
+<p>
+Refer to Security Policy.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p6.6" id="p6.6">6.6. Life cycle technical controls</a></h3>
+<p>
+Refer to SM7 "Software Development".
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p6.7" id="p6.7">6.7. Network security controls</a></h3>
+<p>
+Refer to SM3.1 "Logical Security - Network".
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p6.8" id="p6.8">6.8. Time-stamping</a></h3>
+<p>
+Each server synchronises with NTP.
+No "timestamping" service is currently offered.
+</p>
+
+ <ul class="q">
+ <li> How does the signing server syncronise if only connected over serial?</li>
+ <li> How is timestamping done on records?</li>
+ </ul>
+
+
+
+
+<!-- *************************************************************** -->
+<h2><a name="p7" id="p7">7. CERTIFICATE, CRL, AND OCSP PROFILES</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+CAcert defines all the meanings, semantics and profiles
+applicable to issuance of certificates and signatures
+in its policies, handbooks and other documents.
+Meanings that may be written in external standards or documents
+or found in wider conventions are not
+incorporated, are not used by CAcert, and must not be implied
+by the Member or the Non-related Person.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p7.1" id="p7.1">7.1. Certificate profile</a></h3>
+<h4><a name="p7.1.1" id="p7.1.1">7.1.1. Version number(s)</a></h4>
+<p class="q"> What versions of PGP are signed? v3? v4? </p>
+
+<p>
+Issued X.509 certificates are of v3 form.
+The form of the PGP signatures depends on several factors, therefore no stipulation.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p7.1.2" id="p7.1.2">7.1.2. Certificate extensions</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+ Client certificates include the following extensions:
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>basicConstraints=CA:FALSE (critical)</li>
+ <li>keyUsage=digitalSignature,keyEncipherment,keyAgreement (critical)</li>
+ <li>extendedKeyUsage=emailProtection,clientAuth,msEFS,msSGC,nsSGC</li>
+ <li>authorityInfoAccess = OCSP;URI:http://ocsp.cacert.org</li>
+ <li>crlDistributionPoints=URI:<crlUri> where <crlUri> is replaced
+ with the URI where the certificate revocation list relating to the
+ certificate is found</li>
+ <li>subjectAltName=(as per <a href="#p3.1.1">§3.1.1.</a>).</li>
+</ul>
+ <ul class="q">
+ <li> what about Client Certificates Adobe Signing extensions ?</li>
+ <li> SubjectAltName should become critical if DN is removed http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280#section-4.2.1.6</li>
+ </ul>
+
+<p>
+ Server certificates include the following extensions:
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>basicConstraints=CA:FALSE (critical)</li>
+ <li>keyUsage=digitalSignature,keyEncipherment,keyAgreement (critical)</li>
+ <li>extendedKeyUsage=clientAuth,serverAuth,nsSGC,msSGC</li>
+ <li>authorityInfoAccess = OCSP;URI:http://ocsp.cacert.org</li>
+ <li>crlDistributionPoints=URI:<crlUri> where <crlUri> is replaced
+ with the URI where the certificate revocation list relating to the
+ certificate is found</li>
+ <li>subjectAltName=(as per <a href="#p3.1.1">§3.1.1.</a>).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+ Code-Signing certificates include the following extensions:
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>basicConstraints=CA:FALSE (critical)</li>
+ <li>keyUsage=digitalSignature,keyEncipherment,keyAgreement (critical)</li>
+ <li>extendedKeyUsage=emailProtection,clientAuth,codeSigning,msCodeInd,msCodeCom,msEFS,msSGC,nsSGC</li>
+ <li>authorityInfoAccess = OCSP;URI:http://ocsp.cacert.org</li>
+ <li>crlDistributionPoints=URI:<crlUri> where <crlUri> is replaced
+ with the URI where the certificate revocation list relating to the
+ certificate is found</li>
+ <li>subjectAltName=(as per <a href="#p3.1.1">§3.1.1.</a>).</li>
+</ul>
+ <ul class="q">
+ <li> what about subjectAltName for Code-signing</li>
+ </ul>
+
+<p>
+OpenPGP key signatures currently do not include extensions.
+In the future, a serial number might be included as an extension.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="p7.1.3" id="p7.1.3">7.1.3. Algorithm object identifiers</a></h4>
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p7.1.4" id="p7.1.4">7.1.4. Name forms</a></h4>
+<p>
+Refer to <a href="#p3.1.1">§3.1.1</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p7.1.5" id="p7.1.5">7.1.5. Name constraints</a></h4>
+<p>
+Refer to <a href="#p3.1.1">§3.1.1</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p7.1.6" id="p7.1.6">7.1.6. Certificate policy object identifier</a></h4>
+<p>
+The following OIDs are defined and should be incorporated
+into certificates:
+</p>
+
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
+ <tr>
+ <td>
+ OID
+ </td>
+ <td>
+ Type/Meaning
+ </td>
+ <td>
+ Comment
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>
+ 1.3.6.1.4.1.18506.4.4
+ </td>
+ <td>
+ Certification Practice Statement
+ </td>
+ <td>
+ (this present document)
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Versions are defined by additional numbers appended such as .1.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p7.1.7" id="p7.1.7">7.1.7. Usage of Policy Constraints extension</a></h4>
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p7.1.8" id="p7.1.8">7.1.8. Policy qualifiers syntax and semantics</a></h4>
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p7.1.9" id="p7.1.9">7.1.9. Processing semantics for the critical Certificate Policies extension</a></h4>
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="p7.2" id="p7.2">7.2. CRL profile</a></h3>
+<h4><a name="p7.2.1" id="p7.2.1">7.2.1. Version number(s)</a></h4>
+<p>
+CRLs are created in X.509 v2 format.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p7.2.2" id="p7.2.2">7.2.2. CRL and CRL entry extensions</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+No extensions.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p7.3" id="p7.3">7.3. OCSP profile</a></h3>
+<h4><a name="p7.3.1" id="p7.3.1">7.3.1. Version number(s)</a></h4>
+<p>
+The OCSP responder operates in Version 1.
+</p>
+<h4><a name="p7.3.2" id="p7.3.2">7.3.2. OCSP extensions</a></h4>
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<!-- *************************************************************** -->
+<h2><a name="p8" id="p8">8. COMPLIANCE AUDIT AND OTHER ASSESSMENTS</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+There are two major threads of assessment:
+</p>
+
+<ul><li>
+ <b>Systems Audit</b>.
+ Analyses the CA for business and operations security.
+ This is conducted in two phases: documents for compliance
+ with criteria, and operations for compliance with documentation.
+ </li><li>
+ <b>Code Audit</b>.
+ Analyses the source code.
+ This is conducted at two levels:
+ Security concepts at the web applications level,
+ and source code security and bugs review.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>
+See the Audit page at
+<a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/Audit/">
+wiki.cacert.org/wiki/Audit/</a>
+for more information.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p8.1" id="p8.1">8.1. Frequency or circumstances of assessment</a></h3>
+<p>
+The first audits started in late 2005,
+and since then, assessments have been an
+ongoing task.
+Even when completed, they are expected to
+be permanent features.
+</p>
+
+<ul><li>
+ <b>Systems Audit</b>.
+ <span class="q">
+ The first phase of the first audit is nearing completion.
+ The second phase starts in earnest when documentation is in
+ effect, at lease as DRAFT under PoP.
+ As the second phase is dependent on
+ this CPS and the Security Policy, they will
+ be in effect as DRAFT at least
+ before the first audit is completed.
+ Only prior and completed audits can be reported here.
+ </span>
+ </li><li>
+ <b>Code Audit</b>.
+ <span class="q">
+ A complete review of entire source code has not yet been completed.
+ </span>
+</li></ul>
+
+<h3><a name="p8.2" id="p8.2">8.2. Identity/qualifications of assessor</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+<b>Systems Auditors.</b>
+CAcert uses business systems auditors with broad experience
+across the full range of business, information systems
+and security fields.
+In selecting a business systems auditor, CAcert looks for
+experience that includes but is not limited to
+cryptography, PKI, governance, auditing,
+compliance and regulatory environments,
+business strategy, software engineering,
+networks, law (including multijurisdictional issues),
+identity systems, fraud, IT management.
+</p>
+
+<!-- <center><a href="http://xkcd.com/511/"> <img src="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/sleet.png"> </a> </center> -->
+
+<p>
+<b>Code Auditors.</b>
+See Security Policy, sections 7, 9.1.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p8.3" id="p8.3">8.3. Assessor's relationship to assessed entity</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Specific internal restrictions on audit personnel:
+</p>
+
+<ul><li>
+ Must be Assured by CAcert Assurers
+ and must be background checked.
+ </li><li>
+ Must not have been active in any (other) role in CAcert.
+ Specifically, must not be an Assurer, a member of the association,
+ or in any other defined role or office.
+ </li><li>
+ Although the Auditor may be expected to undertake various
+ of the activities (Assurance, Training)
+ during the process of the audit, any results are frozen
+ until resignation as auditor is effected.
+ </li><li>
+ The Auditor is required to declare to CAcert all
+ potential conflicts of interest on an ongoing basis.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>
+Specific external restrictions on audit personnel:
+</p>
+
+<ul><li>
+ Should have a verifiable and lengthy history in
+ user privacy and user security.
+ </li><li>
+ Must not have worked for a competitive organisation.
+ </li><li>
+ Must not have worked for national security, intelligence,
+ LEO or similar agencies.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>
+An Auditor may convene an audit team.
+The same restrictions apply in general
+to all members of the team, but may be varied.
+Any deviations must be documented and approved
+by the CAcert Inc. Board.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p8.4" id="p8.4">8.4. Topics covered by assessment</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Systems Audits are generally conducted to criteria.
+CAcert requires that the criteria are open:
+</p>
+
+<ul><li>
+ Published.
+ The criteria must be reviewable by all interested parties.
+ </li><li>
+ Understandable.
+ They should be understandable, in that they provide the
+ sufficient information in a readable form for interested
+ parties to follow the gist and importance.
+ (Arcane security criteria may stretch this requirement.)
+ </li><li>
+ Complete.
+ There must be sufficent background information that the
+ whole story is there. Especially, criteria that refer
+ to undocumented practices or conventions deliberately
+ kept secret must be avoided.
+ </li><li>
+ Applicable. The criteria should relate directly
+ and unambiguously to a need of the identified interested parties
+ (Members, Relying Parties, Subscribers, Assurers).
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>
+See
+<a href="http://rossde.com/CA_review/">DRC</a>
+for the current criteria.
+If Auditor determines that a criteria fails to
+follow the meet the above requirements, then the criteria
+should be reworked to conform, or should be dropped
+(both with explanatory notes).
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p8.5" id="p8.5">8.5. Actions taken as a result of deficiency</a></h3>
+<p>
+See the current
+<a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/Audit/Done">Audit Done list</a>
+for work completed, and
+<a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/AuditToDo">Audit Todo list</a>
+for work in progress.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Auditor may issue directives instructing changes,
+where essential to audit success or other extreme
+situations.
+Directives should be grounded on criteria,
+on established minimum or safe practices,
+or clearly described logic.
+Adequate discussion with Community
+(e.g., CAcert Inc. Board and with Policy Group)
+should precede any directive.
+They should be presented to the same standard
+as the criteria, above.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The
+<a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/AuditDirectives">
+wiki.cacert.org/wiki/AuditDirectives</a>
+documents issued directives and actions.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p8.6" id="p8.6">8.6. Communication of results</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Current and past Audit information is available at
+<a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/Audit/">wiki.CAcert.org/wiki/Audit/</a>.
+CAcert runs an open disclosure policy and
+Audit is no exception.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This CPS and other documents are subject to
+the process in Policy on Policy (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/PolicyOnPolicy.html">COD1</a>).
+Audits cover the overall processes more
+than any one document, and documents may vary
+even as Audit reports are delivered.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<!-- *************************************************************** -->
+<h2><a name="p9" id="p9">9. OTHER BUSINESS AND LEGAL MATTERS</a></h2>
+<h3><a name="p9.1" id="p9.1">9.1. Fees</a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+The current fees structure is posted at
+<a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/Price">wiki.cacert.org/wiki/Price</a>.
+Changes to the fees structure will be announced
+from time to time on the <a href="http://blog.cacert.org/">blog</a>.
+CAcert retains the right to charge fees for services.
+All fees are non-refundable.
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="p9.2" id="p9.2">9.2. Financial responsibility</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Financial risks are dealt with primarily by
+the Dispute Resolution Policy
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/DisputeResolutionPolicy.html">COD7</a>).
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.2.1" id="p9.2.1">9.2.1. Insurance coverage</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.2.2" id="p9.2.2">9.2.2. Other assets</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.2.3" id="p9.2.3">9.2.3. Insurance or warranty coverage for end-entities</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.3" id="p9.3">9.3. Confidentiality of business information</a></h3>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.3.1" id="p9.3.1">9.3.1. Scope of confidential information</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+CAcert has a policy of transparency and openness.
+The default posture is that information is public
+to the extent possible,
+unless covered by specific policy provisions
+(for example, passwords)
+or rulings by Arbitrator.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.4" id="p9.4">9.4. Privacy of personal information</a></h3>
+
+<!-- <center><a href="http://xkcd.com/46/"> <img src="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/secrets.jpg"> </a> </center> -->
+<p>
+Privacy is covered by the
+CCA (COD9)
+and the Privacy Policy
+(<a href="PrivacyPolicy.html">COD5</a>).
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.4.1" id="p9.4.1">9.4.1. Privacy plan</a></h4>
+<p> No stipulation. </p>
+<h4><a name="p9.4.2" id="p9.4.2">9.4.2. Information treated as private</a></h4>
+<p>
+Member's Date of Birth and "Lost Password" questions are treated as fully private.
+</p>
+<h4><a name="p9.4.3" id="p9.4.3">9.4.3. Information not deemed private</a></h4>
+<p>
+To the extent that information is put into an issued certificate,
+that information is not deemed private,
+as it is expected to be published by the Member as part of routine use of
+the certificate.
+Such information generally includes
+Names, domains, email addresses, and certificate serial numbers.
+</p>
+<p>
+Under Assurance Policy
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/AssurancePolicy.html">COD13</a>)
+the Member's status (as Assured, Assurer, etc) is available
+to other Members.
+</p>
+<p>
+Information placed in forums outside the online system
+(wiki, blogs, policies, etc) is not deemed private, and is
+generally deemed to be published as contributions by Members.
+See
+CCA1.3 (COD9).
+</p>
+<h4><a name="p9.4.4" id="p9.4.4">9.4.4. Responsibility to protect private information</a></h4>
+<p>
+CAcert is a privacy organisation
+and takes privacy more seriously.
+Any privacy issue may be referred to dispute resolution.
+</p>
+<h4><a name="p9.4.5" id="p9.4.5">9.4.5. Notice and consent to use private information</a></h4>
+<p>
+Members are permitted to rely on certificates of other Members.
+As a direct consequence of the general right to rely,
+Members may read and store the certificates
+and/or the information within them, where duly presented in
+a relationship, and to the extent necessary for
+the agreed relationship.
+</p>
+<h4><a name="p9.4.6" id="p9.4.6">9.4.6. Disclosure pursuant to judicial or administrative process</a></h4>
+<p>
+Any disclosure pursuant to process from foreign courts
+(or similar)
+is controlled by the Arbitrator.
+</p>
+<h4><a name="p9.4.7" id="p9.4.7">9.4.7. Other information disclosure circumstances</a></h4>
+<p>
+None.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.5" id="p9.5">9.5. Intellectual property rights</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+CAcert is committed to the philosophy of
+an open and free Internet,
+broadly as encapsulated by open and free source.
+However, due to the strict control provisions
+imposed by the audit criteria (CCS),
+and the general environment and role of CAs,
+and the commitment to security of Members,
+some deviations are necessary.
+</p>
+
+<!-- <center><a href="http://xkcd.com/225/"> <img src="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/open_source.png"> </a> </center> -->
+
+<h4><a name="p9.5.1" id="p9.5.1">9.5.1. Ownership and Licence</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Assets that fall under the control of CCS
+must be transferred to CAcert.
+See PoP 6.2
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/PolicyOnPolicy.html#6.2">COD1</a>),
+CCA 1.3
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html#1.3">COD9</a>).
+That is, CAcert is free to use, modify,
+distribute, and otherwise conduct the business
+of the CA as CAcert sees fit with the asset.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.5.2" id="p9.5.2">9.5.2. Brand</a></h4>
+<p>
+The brand of CAcert
+is made up of its logo, name, trademark, service marks, etc.
+Use of the brand is strictly limited by the Board,
+and permission is required.
+See <a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/TopMinutes-20070917">
+m20070917.5</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.5.3" id="p9.5.3">9.5.3. Documents</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+CAcert owns or requires full control over its documents,
+especially those covered by CCS.
+See PoP 6.2
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/PolicyOnPolicy.html#6.2">COD1</a>).
+Contributors transfer the rights,
+see CCA 1.3
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html#1.3">COD9</a>).
+Contributors warrant that they have the right to transfer.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Documents are generally licensed under free and open licence.
+See
+<a href="http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/PolicyDrafts/DocumentLicence">
+wiki.cacert.org/wiki/PolicyDrafts/DocumentLicence</a>.
+Except where explicitly negotiated,
+CAcert extends back to contributors a
+non-exclusive, unrestricted perpetual
+licence, permitting them to to re-use
+their original work freely.
+See PoP 6.4
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/PolicyOnPolicy.html#6.4">COD1</a>),
+CCA 1.3
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html#1.3">COD9</a>).
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.5.4" id="p9.5.4">9.5.4. Code</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+CAcert owns its code or requires full control over code in use
+by means of a free and open licence.
+See CCS.
+</p>
+
+<p class="q">
+See the (new, wip)
+<a href="http://svn.cacert.cl/Documents/SourceCodeManifesto.html">
+SourceCodeManifesto</a>.
+Maybe this can replace these two paras?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+CAcert licenses its code under GPL.
+CAcert extends back to contributors a
+non-exclusive, unrestricted perpetual
+licence, permitting them to to re-use
+their original work freely.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.5.5" id="p9.5.5">9.5.5. Certificates and Roots</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+CAcert asserts its intellectual property rights over certificates
+issued to Members and over roots.
+See CCA 4.4
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html#4.4">COD9</a>),
+CCS.
+The certificates may only be used by Members under
+<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html#4.4">COD9</a>,
+and,
+by others under the licences offered,
+such as
+Non-Related Persons - Disclaimer and Licence
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/NRPDisclaimerAndLicence.html">COD4</a>).
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.6" id="p9.6">9.6. Representations and warranties</a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+<b>Members.</b>
+All Members of the Community agree to the
+CAcert Community Agreement
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html">COD9</a>),
+which is the primary document for
+representations and warranties.
+Members include Subscribers, Relying Parties,
+Registration Agents and the CA itself.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>RAs.</b>
+Registration Agents are obliged additionally by Assurance Policy,
+especially 3.1, 4.1
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/AssurancePolicy.html">COD13</a>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>CA.</b>
+The CA is obliged additionally by the CCS.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<b>Third Party Vendors.</b>
+Distributors of the roots are offered the
+<span class="q">wip</span>
+3rd-Party Vendors - Disclaimer and Licence
+(3PV-DaL => CODx)
+and are offered
+<span class="q">wip</span>
+the same deal as Members to the extent that they agree
+to be Members in the Community.
+<span class="q">wip</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.7" id="p9.7">9.7. Disclaimers of Warranties</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Persons who have not accepted the above Agreements are offered the
+Non-Related Persons - Disclaimer and Licence
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/NRPDisclaimerAndLicence.html">COD4</a>).
+Any representations and
+warranties are strictly limited to nominal usage.
+In essence, NRPs may USE but must not RELY.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In today's aggressive fraud environment,
+and within the context of CAcert as a community CA,
+all parties should understand that CAcert
+and its Subscribers, Assurers and other roles
+provide service on a Best Efforts basis.
+See <a href="#p1.4">§1.4</a>.
+CAcert seeks to provide an adequate minimum
+level of quality in operations for its Members
+without undue risks to NRPs.
+See
+<a href="http://svn.cacert.org/CAcert/principles.html">Principles</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+CAcert on behalf of the Community and itself
+makes no Warranty nor Guarantee nor promise
+that the service or certificates are adequate
+for the needs and circumstances.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.8" id="p9.8">9.8. Limitations of liability</a></h3>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.8.1" id="p9.8.1">9.8.1 Non-Related Persons </a></h3>
+
+<p>
+CAcert on behalf of related parties
+(RAs, Subscribers, etc) and itself
+disclaims all liability to NRPs
+in their usage of CA's certificates.
+See <a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/NRPDisclaimerAndLicence.html">COD4</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.8.2" id="p9.8.2">9.8.2 Liabilities Between Members</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Liabilities between Members
+are dealt with by internal dispute resolution,
+which rules on liability and any limits.
+See
+<a href="#9.13">§9.13</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="p9.9" id="p9.9">9.9. Indemnities</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.10" id="p9.10">9.10. Term and termination</a></h3>
+<h4><a name="p9.10.1" id="p9.10.1">9.10.1. Term</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.10.2" id="p9.10.2">9.10.2. Termination</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+Members file a dispute to terminate their agreement.
+See <a href="#p9.13">§9.13</a> and CCA 3.3
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html#3.3">COD9</a>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Documents are varied (including terminated) under <a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/PolicyOnPolicy.html">COD1</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For termination of the CA, see <a href="#p5.8.1">§5.8.1</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.10.3" id="p9.10.3">9.10.3. Effect of termination and survival</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.11" id="p9.11">9.11. Individual notices and communications with participants</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+All participants are obliged to keep their listed
+primary email addresses in good working order.
+See CCA 3.5
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html#3.5">COD9</a>).
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="p9.12" id="p9.12">9.12. Amendments</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Amendments to the CPS are controlled by <a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/PolicyOnPolicy.html">COD1</a>.
+Any changes in Member's Agreements are notified under CCA 3.4
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html#3.4">COD9</a>).
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.13" id="p9.13">9.13. Dispute resolution provisions</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+CAcert provides a forum and facility for any Member
+or other related party to file a dispute.
+</p>
+
+<ul><li>
+ The CAcert
+ Dispute Resolution Policy
+ (<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/DisputeResolutionPolicy.html">COD7</a>)
+ includes rules for dispute resolution.
+ </li><li>
+ Filing is done via email to
+ < support AT cacert DOT org >
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>
+Members agree to file all disputes through CAcert's
+forum for dispute resolution.
+The rules include specific provisions to assist
+non-Members, etc, to file dispute in this forum.
+</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="p9.14" id="p9.14">9.14. Governing law</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+The governing law is that of New South Wales, Australia.
+Disputes are generally heard before the Arbitrator
+under this law.
+Exceptionally, the Arbitrator may elect to apply the
+law of the parties and events, where in common,
+but this is unlikely because it may create results
+that are at odds with the Community.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.15" id="p9.15">9.15. Compliance with Applicable Law</a></h3>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.15.1" id="p9.15.1">9.15.1 Digital Signature Law</a></h3>
+<p>
+The Commonwealth and States of Australia have passed
+various Electronic Transactions Acts that speak to
+digital signatures. In summary, these acts follow
+the "technology neutral" model and permit but do not
+regulate the use of digital signatures.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This especially means that the signatures created by
+certificates issued by CAcert are not in and of themselves
+legally binding human signatures, at least according to
+the laws of Australia.
+See <a href="#p1.4.3">§1.4.3</a>.
+However, certificates may play a part in larger signing
+applications. See <a href="#p1.4.1">§1.4.1</a> for "digital signing" certificates.
+These applications may impose significant
+obligations, risks and liabilities on the parties.
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.15.2" id="p9.15.2">9.15.2 Privacy Law</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+See the Privacy Policy
+(<a href="PrivacyPolicy.html">COD5</a>).
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.15.3" id="p9.15.3">9.15.3 Legal Process from External Forums</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+CAcert will provide information about
+its Members only under legal subpoena or
+equivalent process
+from a court of competent jurisdiction.
+Any requests made by legal subpoena are
+treated as under the Dispute Resolution Policy
+See
+<a href="#p9.13">§9.13</a>
+and
+<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/DisputeResolutionPolicy.html">COD7</a>.
+That is, all requests are treated as disputes,
+as only a duly empanelled Arbitrator has the
+authorisation and authority to rule on the
+such requests.
+<p>
+
+<p>
+A subpoena should
+include sufficient legal basis to support
+an Arbitrator in ruling that information
+be released pursuant to the filing,
+including the names of claimants in any civil case
+and an indication as to whether the claimants are
+Members or not
+(and are therefore subject to Dispute Resolution Policy).
+</p>
+
+<h3><a name="p9.16" id="p9.16">9.16. Miscellaneous provisions</a></h3>
+<h4><a name="p9.16.1" id="p9.16.1">9.16.1. Entire agreement</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+All Members of the Community agree to the
+CAcert Community Agreement
+(<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/CAcertCommunityAgreement.html">COD9</a>).
+This agreement also incorporates other key
+documents, being this CPS, DRP and PP.
+See CCA 4.2.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Configuration-Control Specification
+is the set of policies that rule over the
+Community, of which the above documents are part.
+See COD2.
+Documents that have reached full POLICY status
+are located at
+<a href="http://www.cacert.org/policy/">
+www.cacert.org/policy/</a>.
+Although detailed practices may
+be found in other places on the website
+and on the wiki, the CCS documents that
+have reached DRAFT and POLICY status are
+the ruling documents.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.16.2" id="p9.16.2">9.16.2. Assignment</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+The rights within CCA may not be ordinarily assigned.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.16.3" id="p9.16.3">9.16.3. Severability</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.16.4" id="p9.16.4">9.16.4. Enforcement (attorneys' fees and waiver of rights)</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+The Arbitrator will specify fees and remedies, if any.
+</p>
+
+<h4><a name="p9.16.5" id="p9.16.5">9.16.5. Force Majeure</a></h4>
+
+<p>
+No stipulation.
+</p>
+
+<h2>---This is the end of the Policy---</h2>
+
+
+</body>
+</html>
projects / gigi.git / blobdiff